Reproductive medicine is the most dynamic area within obstetrics and gynecology and, arguably, the most complicated. An explosion of scientific understanding and technological capabilities - particularly in contraception, infertility and menopause - has transformed the specialty into a high-profile subject that touches upon endocrinology, embryology, andrology, surgery, social science, and practical law and ethics. The Oxford American Handbook of Reproductive Medicine provides a practical overview of the reproductive system and a systematic approach to its disorders, covering diagnosis, assessment, and ongoing management with particular emphasis on common and important presentations. Concise, readable, and pocket-sized, this handbook is useful for medical students, primary care clinicians, and ob/gyn residents as a ready reference for daily practice.
Author(s): Hugh S. Taylor, Tamir S. Aldad, Enda McVeigh, Roy Homburg, John Guillebaud
Series: Oxford American Handbooks of Medicine
Edition: 1
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Year: 2012
Language: English
Tags: Reproductive Medicine; Primary Care; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
Cover
Contents
Symbols and abbreviations
1 Sexual differentiation
Key stages of fetal sex differentiation
The SRY gene
Other genes involved in sex determination
Abnormal embryological development—intersex conditions
Hermaphroditism
Müllerian anomalies
Hand–foot–genital syndrome
Incomplete regression of the Wolffian system
2 Steroid hormones
Introduction
Steroid hormone biosynthesis reactions
Gonadal steroid hormones
Steroid-binding proteins
Further reading
3 Menarche and adolescent gynecology
Introduction
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
Stages of puberty
Precocious puberty
Delayed puberty
Further reading
4 Ovaries and the menstrual cycle
Introduction
Hormones
The ovary
Follicular development
Causes of anovulation and oligo-ovulation
5 Polycystic ovary syndrome
Introduction
Definition
Prevalence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Long-term health implications of PCOS
Further reading
6 Hirsutism and virilization
Introduction
Pathophysiology
History and examination
Etiology
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
7 Amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea
Introduction
Etiology
Investigations
Management
8 Menopause and hormone replacement therapy
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Other hormonal changes
Symptoms
Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) trial
Risks and benefits of HRT
HRT preparations
Alternative treatment
9 Initial regarding delays in conception
Prevalence of fertility problems
Timing of the initial investigation
Female partner’s age
Frequency and timing of intercourse
Environmental and dietary influences
10 Defining infertility
Introduction
General points before starting investigation
11 Investigation of fertility problems
Introduction
Investigation of the male partner
Investigation of the female partner
Investigation of a possible mechanical factor
Further reading
12 Management strategies for fertility problems
Principles
Management of investigations
Management strategies
13 Male infertility
Introduction
Etiology
Investigation of the male
Further reading and information
14 Ovulation induction
Introduction
Clomifene citrate
Aromatase inhibitors
Metformin
Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadorelin)
Gonadotropins
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD)
Further reading
15 Tubal and uterine disorders
Introduction
Tubal disorders
Surgery to the fallopian tube
Uterine disorders
16 Medical and surgical management of endometriosis
Introduction
Examination and investigations
Endometriosis-associated infertility
Surgical treatment of endometriosis
Principles of surgery for infertility patients with endometriosis
Medical treatment
Further reading and information
17 Intrauterine insemination
Introduction
Methods
Principle
Indications
IUI for mild male-factor infertility
IUI for unexplained infertility
Cost-effectiveness
Conclusions
Further reading
18 In vitro fertilization and associated assisted conception techniques
Introduction
Factors affecting the outcome of IVF
Number of embryos transferred
Procedures used during IVF
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Oocyte donation
Complications of IVF
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)/preimplantation genetic screening (PGS)
Follow-up of children born as a result of assisted reproduction
Further reading and information
19 Fertility and fertility awareness
Introduction
Sex and relationships education (SRE)
Sexually transmitted infections
Features of the ideal contraceptive
Relative effectiveness of the available methods
Eligibility criteria for contraceptives
Fertility awareness and methods for the natural regulation of fertility
20 Male contraception
Coitus interruptus
Male condoms
The male pill
Vasectomy
21 Vaginal methods
Female condoms
Caps and diaphragms
Spermicide (nonoxinol)
22 The combined oral contraceptive (COC)
Mechanism of action
Benefits versus risks
Tumor risk and COCs
Cardiovascular disease
Eligibility criteria for COCs
The pill-free interval (PFI)
Drug interactions
Other relevant drugs
Counseling and ongoing supervision
Stopping COCs
Other combined methods
Pill follow-up
Congenital abnormalities and fertility issues
23 The progestogen-only pill (POP)
Mechanism of action and maintenance of effectiveness
Risks and disadvantages
Advantages and indications
Problems and contraindications
Counseling and ongoing supervision
24 Injectables
Introduction
Mechanism of action and effectiveness
Indications
Advantages
Problems and disadvantages
Contraindications
Counseling and ongoing supervision
25 Contraceptive implants
Introduction
Mechanism of action, administration, and effectiveness
Enzyme inducer drug (EID) treatment
Reversibility and removal problems
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages and contraindications
Counseling and ongoing supervision
26 Intrauterine contraception
Introduction
Copper-bearing devices
The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS)
27 Postcoital contraception
Introduction
Levonorgestrel emergency contraception (LNG-EC)
Copper intrauterine devices (IUDs)
Counseling and management
Special indications for EC
28 Sterilization
Introduction
Efficacy considerations
Potential reversibility
Possible long-term side effects of female sterilization
Comparison of methods
29 Special considerations
How can a provider be reasonably sure of a woman not being pregnant?
Contraception at the climacteric
Appendix
Essential Web sites in reproductive health
Further reading and references
Index
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D
E
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G
H
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L
M
N
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P
Q
R
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T
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V
W
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