This edited volume brings together the most recent research about various aspects of organized crime and the responses that have developed worldwide as a result to contain serious criminal acts. This book focuses particularly on the way criminal networking and illegal markets have developed during the first two decades of the 21st century. It examines how these developments have influenced the motivations and opportunities to commit organized crime. The volume not only focuses on illegal activities in illegal markets, such as drug and human trafficking, but also addresses organized crime and deviance in various legitimate industries. The contributions were presented at seminars of the Centre for Information and Research on Organized Crime (CIROC), and will be of particular interest to organized crime scholars and researchers, as well as advanced students of criminology across the world.
Author(s): Hans Nelen, Dina Siegel
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 235
City: Cham
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Setting the Scene
Introduction
Part I: Markets and Networks
Part II: Responses
References
Part I: Markets and Networks
Chapter 2: Development and Surges of Organized Crime: An Application of Enterprise Theory
Introduction
Enterprise Perspective
Creating Surges in Organized Crime
Cigarette Smuggling
Trafficking in Cultural Property and Other Goods and Services
Trends in Crimes and Groups
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Organisation of Crime in the Transnational Adoption Market
Introduction
Market in the Priceless
Criminogenic Asymmetries
Need for a Laundering Process
Wilful Ignorance of the Stakeholders on the Demand Side of the Market
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Drug Crime and the Port of Rotterdam: About the Phenomenon and Its Approach
Introduction
Methods
Nature, Scope, and Developments in Drug Crime
Scope and Developments in Drug Crime in the Port of Rotterdam
Social Organization of the Import of Narcotic Drugs
Crime Scripts
Vulnerabilities in the Infrastructure of the Port of Rotterdam
Vulnerable Locations: Access to Sites and to Information
Structural and Cultural Vulnerabilities of Companies
Port Employees as a Vulnerable Link
Oversight, Enforcement, and Investigation by Various Public and Private Actors
Physical Measures and Risk Analyses
Measures Against Structural and Cultural Vulnerabilities
Working Together in Supervision: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities
Policy Recommendations
Afterthought
References
Chapter 5: Drug-Related Organized Crime in the Meuse Rhine Euroregion and the Role of National Borders
Introduction
Business Models
Geographical and Historic Interconnectedness of Drug Markets
Polycrime
Criminal Networks
Roles
Local, Regional, and Transnational
Involved Nationalities and Ethnic Groups
Notable Crime Groups Across the Borders
Competition Versus Cooperation
Modi Operandi
Production
Smuggle and Trade
Online Drug Markets
Use of Facilitators, Legitimate Businesses, and Individuals
Shielding Activities
Violence, Intimidation, and Corruption
Reflection and Conclusion
Displacement and Diffusion
Criminal Networking
Modi Operandi
Criminal Profits
Implications for Law Enforcement Policy in the EMR
References
Chapter 6: “Clan Crime” in Germany: Migration Politics, Socio-Economic Conditions, and Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Behavior
Introduction
Definition, Critics, and Public Debate
German Clans: Who Are they?
Marginalization and Exclusion
Clan Crime
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Arab Organized Crime in Israel
Introduction
Historical Background
Arab Criminal Networks in Israel
“Criminal Family”: A Contested Concept
Evolution of Arab Organized Crime in Israel
Criminal Activities
Arms Smuggling
Drug Smuggling
Protection Rackets
Security Services: Partners in Crime or Protection?
Some Preliminary Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: The h200d Office: The Local Embeddedness of the Dutch Crips Gang
Introduction
The h200d Office
Employees of the h200d Office
The Crips’ Business
Business Problems in the h200d Office
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Contract Killings by Organised Crime Groups: The Spread of Deadly Violence
Introduction
Sources and Research Methods
Developments in the Drug Market
Multi-ethnic and Multi-drugs
The Drug Market and Contract Killings
Spotters, Hitmen and Murder Brokers
The Crude and Sloppy Methods Used by Hitmen
The Spread of Deadly Violence
Sacrifice of ‘Own’ People
Intentionally in the Sight Of
Outside the Criminal Network
Counterproductive
Remote Management and the Use of Digital Technology
Remote Management
Concluding Observations
References
Part II: Responses
Chapter 10: The Criminalization of the Trade in Wildlife
Introduction
Colonialism and European Interference in Wildlife Protection
Regulating or Banning the Trade?
The Further Process of Criminalization
The Organized Crime Narrative and its Consequences
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Policing the Environment: The Prosecution of Wildlife and Environmental Crimes
Introduction
Green Criminological Approaches to Environmental Crimes
Policing the Environment: Legislative Perspectives
Organised Crime and Environmental Harms
Prosecuting Organised Crime
Prosecuting Wildlife and Environmental Crimes
Practical Enforcement and Prosecution Considerations
Prosecutorial Problems
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Why The Hague Convention Is Not Enough: Addressing Enabling Environments for Criminality in Intercountry Adoption
‘Adoption Is a Drop in the Orphan Ocean’: Normalizing Criminality in ICA
Criminality in ICA
The Hague Convention: An International Legal Instrument for Thwarting ICA Criminality
The Orphan Industrial Complex: Creating ‘Enabling Environments’ for Criminality in Adoption
The OIC Continuum: From Support for Orphanages to ICA
Orphanage Support
Orphanage Volunteering
Normalizing Adoption as Child Rescue
Dimensions of the OIC Linked to Criminality
Why Expansion of Legal Measures Is Not Enough
Tackling the OIC to Discourage Criminality in ICA
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Tackling Criminal Family Networks in the Netherlands: Observations and Approaches
Introduction
Organised Crime Families
Criminal Families and Their Criminal History
Explaining Intergenerational Transmission of Crime
Individual Level Risk Factors
Family Level Risk Factors
Social Environment Risk Factors
Opportunity Structures as Risk Factors
Targeting Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Behaviour
Repression, Prevention and Promoting Resilience: A Balancing Act
Limited Academic Knowledge on System-Oriented Interventions in Criminal Families
Practice-Based Experience
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 14: Are Dark Number Estimates of Crime Feasible and Useful?
Introduction
Critique on Dark Number Estimates of Crime
Expert Judgment
Are Dark Number Estimates of Crime Useful? Principles to Determine Whether Dark Number Estimates Are Worth Doing
Policy Priority Setting
Policy Evaluation
Scientific Relevance
Are Dark Number Estimates of Crime Feasible? Can We Have Reliable and Precise Estimates?
Conclusion
References
Index
