Organization Development Interventions: Executing Effective Organizational Change

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To effectively adapt and thrive in today’s business world, organizations need to implement effective organizational development (OD) interventions to improve performance and effectiveness at the individual, group, and organizational levels. OD interventions involve people, trust, support, shared power, conflict resolution, and stakeholders’ participation, just to name a few. OD interventions usually have broader scope and can affect the whole organization. OD practitioners or change agents must have a solid understanding of different OD interventions to select the most appropriate one to fulfill the client’s needs. There is limited precise information or research about how to design OD interventions or how they can be expected to interact with organizational conditions to achieve specific results.

This book offers OD practitioners and change agents a step-by-step approach to implementing OD interventions and includes example cases, practical tools, and guidelines for different OD interventions. It is noteworthy that roughly 65% of organizational change projects fail. One reason for the failure is that the changes are not effectively implemented, and this book focuses on how to successfully implement organizational changes.

Designed for use by OD practitioners, management, and human resources professionals, this book provides readers with OD basic principles, practices, and skills by featuring illustrative case studies and useful tools. This book shows how OD professionals can actually get work done and what the step-by-step OD effort should be. This book looks at how to choose and implement a range of interventions at different levels. Unlike other books currently available on the market, this book goes beyond individual, group, and organizational levels of OD interventions, and addresses broader OD intervention efforts at industry and community levels, too. Essentially, this book provides a practical guide for OD interventions. Each chapter provides practical information about general OD interventions, supplies best practice examples and case studies, summarizes the results of best practices, provides at least one case scenario, and offers at least one relevant tool for practitioners.

Author(s): William J. Rothwell, Sohel M. Imroz, Behnam Bakhshandeh
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2021

Language: English
Pages: 362
City: London

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor and Author Biosketches
Advance Organizer
Part I: Foundations
Chapter 1. What Is an OD Intervention?
Vignettes
Vignette One
Vignette Two
Vignette Three
Vignette Four
Summary
What Is an OD Intervention?
OD Interventions Are Implemented in Ways Consistent with OD Values and Assumptions
OD Interventions Differ by Issues, Types, and Number of People Affected
Interventions Organized by Issues
The Size Involved in the Change
Types of Solutions
Roles of Team Leaders, OD Practitioners and Team Members in OD Interventions
What the Team Leader Does in OD Interventions
What OD Practitioners Do in OD Interventions
What the Team Members Should Do in OD Interventions
What Do OD Practitioners Devote Most of Their Time to Doing During Implementation?
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 2. Understanding Different OD Intervention Models
Overview
Action Research Model (ARM)
Appreciative Inquiry Model (AIM)
Process Consultation (PC)
Kotter's Change Management Model
Increase Urgency
Build the Guiding Team
Develop Vision and Strategies
Communicate the Vision and Strategies
Empower Action
Accomplish Short-Term Wins
Build on the Change
Make the Change Stick
McKinsey's 7-S Change Management Model
ADKAR Change Management Model
Kubler-Ross' Five Stage Model
Shock or Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Lewin's 3-Stage Change Management Model
Unfreezing
Moving or Changing
Refreezing
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 3. Steps for Implementing the OD Intervention Model: From Entry to Separation
Overview
Step 1: Entry
Marketing
The First Meeting
The Contracting Process
Step 2: Start-Up
Step 3: Assessment and Feedback
Step 4: Action Planning
Step 5: Intervention
Steps 6, 7, and 8: Evaluation, Adoption, and Separation
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
References
Part II: Individual and Small-Group Interventions
Chapter 4. Individual Interventions: Instrument-Guided Development
Overview
Individual Differences: Personality, Temperament, and Traits
Use of Individual-Focused Assessment in OD Interventions
Instruments Used for Individual-Based OD Interventions: Common Personality Assessments and Inventories
Choosing Assessment Instruments
History and Reliability
Training, Resources and Cost
Personal Comfort and Usefulness
Assessment Reliability and Validity
Ethical Considerations
Business Case
Step 1: Entry
Step 2: Start-Up
Step 3: Assessment and Feedback
Step 4: Action Planning
Step 5: Intervention
Step 6: Evaluation
Step 7: Adoption
Step 8: Separation
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
Tools
References
Chapter 5. Individual Intervention: Executive and Management Coaching
Overview
Definitions and Descriptions
First Level of OD Intervention: The Individual Change
What Is Coaching, and the Place of Coaching in the Business Environment
Organizational Diagnosis Models and Relevancy to the Individual Intervention
Individual and Group Behavior Model
The Great Place to Work Model
SWOT Analysis
Strategies or Tactics Needed for Successful Coaching Intervention
Self-Awareness Process
Doing Versus Being
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
Appreciative Coaching (AC)
The Five Principles of Appreciative Coaching
Practical Process Model for Appreciative Coaching (AC)
Stages of Appreciative Coaching (AC)
Business Case Example
Background
Step 1: Entry
Step 2: Start-Up
Stages of Appreciative Coaching
ARM Process Plan
Step 3: Assessment and Feedback
Step 4: Action Planning
Step 5: Coaching Intervention
Step 6: Evaluation
Step 7: Adoption
Step 8: Separation
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 6. Individual Interventions: Mentoring and Sponsorship (Levels of Advocacy)
Overview
The Four Basic Levels of Individual Interventions
The Relationship Between the Levels
Mentorship
Sponsorship
Champions
Advocates
How Does It All Work in Practice?
For the Organization
For Mentors
For Mentees
What Does All This Mean?
Tips for Making the Most of the Individual Intervention Relationship
Case Study
Step 1: Entry
Step 2: Start-Up
Step 3: Assessment and Feedback
Step 4: Action Planning
Step 5: Intervention
Step 6: Evaluation
Step 7: Adoption
Step 8: Separation
Reflection Questions
Mentee and Mentor Journal Tool
Johari Window
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 7. Small-Group Interventions: Achieving Effectiveness Through Interpersonal Training
Overview
Theoretical Perspectives on Small Groups and Group Processes
Defining Groups
Nine High-Level Theoretical Lenses to Support Small-Group Interventions
Historical Development of Interpersonal Training: National Training Laboratories (NTL), a Humanistic Perspective
Historical Development of Interpersonal Training: The Tavistock Institute for Human Relations, a Psychodynamic Perspective
Other Theoretical Aspects Connected to the Tavistock Institute: Socio-technical Design
Common Types of Small-Group Interventions for Interpersonal Development
T-Group Training
The Mechanics of T-groups
The Role of the Practitioner/Facilitator in T-groups
Challenges with T-group Training
The Tavistock Method
The Mechanics of the Tavistock Method and the Role of the Practitioner/Facilitator
Challenges with The Tavistock Method
Expected Outcomes, Benefits and Competencies Developed Through Interpersonal Training
Ethical Considerations
Business Case Example
Step 1: Entry
Step 2: Start-Up
Step 3: Assessment and Feedback
Step 4: Action Planning
Step 5: Intervention
Step 6: Evaluation
Step 7: Adoption
Step 8: Separation
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
Tools
References
Chapter 8. Small-Group Intervention: Team-Building
Overview
Definitions and Descriptions
The 4Cs of Team-Building
Team Context
Team Composition
Team Competencies
Team Change Management
Stages of Team-Building
Key Principles of Team-Building
Conditions for Building a Real Team
The Prerequisites for Team-Building
Organization and Team Culture and Norms
Role of the Team Leader as the Change Agent
Team-Building Exercises for Maintaining Team Effectiveness
Empowering Team Members to Invent Opportunities to Resolve Conflicts
Weekly Team-Building Discipline Rating
Business Case Example
Background
Step 1: Entry
Preparation Meeting
Step 2: Start-Up
Step 3: Data Gathering, Diagnosis, and Analysis of Problems
Diagnosis and Data Analysis Models
Data-Collecting Methods
Step 4: Giving Feedback on Problems
Step 5: Data Gathering and Alignment on Solutions
Step 6: Giving Feedback on Solutions
Step 7: Action Planning
Step 8: Team-Building Intervention
Communication Charter
Step 9: Evaluation
Formative Evaluations
Summative Evaluation
Step 10: Adoption
Step 11: Separation
Step 12: Follow-Up
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
References
Part III: Intermediate and Large Interventions
Chapter 9. Intermediate-Sized Interventions
Overview
Purpose and Importance of Intermediate-Sized OD Interventions
OD Intervention Activities and Techniques
Why OD Intervention Versus Traditional Training?
Use of Virtual Participation in Intermediate-Sized Intervention
Action Planning for Intermediate-Sized Intervention: Breaking Silos
Planning and Designing the Approach to an Intermediate-Sized OD Intervention
Process
Model
Diagnosing Individual and Group Behavior Model
Method
Qualitative Research Method
Evaluation
Business Case Example
Background
Step 1: Entry
Step 2: Start-Up
Step 3: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Feedback
Step 4: Action Planning
Involve Key Stakeholders
Evaluate and Prioritize Relevant Data
Agree on the Changes to Be Made
Develop a Change Strategy
Clarify Roles and Follow-Through Responsibilities
Step 5: Intervention
Step 6: Evaluation
Step 7: Adaption
Step 8: Separation
Results and Reflection
Key Lessons Learned
Designing an Appropriate Approach
Communication
Building Relationships
Trusting the Process
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 10. Large-Scale Interventions
Overview
Typical Large-Scale or Whole System Interventions
Three Different Strategies to Large-Scale Change—An Integrated Approach
LSI for Strategic Planning for the Organization
SWOT Analysis
SOAR Analysis
Whole System Transformational Change
ERP Implementation
Search Conferences
Open Space Technology/Open Space Meetings
World Café
Appreciative Inquiry Summits
Four Structures for Organizing Change Efforts on a Large-Scale ()
Business Case Study
Case Background
Intervention Preparation
Step 1: Entry/Contracting
Step 2: Start-Up
Step 3: Feedback and Assessment
Step 4: Action Planning
Step 5: Intervention
Company A LSI Appreciative Inquiry Summit
Step 6: Evaluation
Step 7: Adoption
Step 8: Separation
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 11. Industry-Wide Interventions
Overview
Industry-Wide Interventions and Why They Matter
Making the Case for Change
Change Interventions
Identifying the Need for Industry-Wide Change
Planned Change
Change Beyond the Level of Organization
What Constitutes an Industry?
Large-Systems Change
Context-Blindness
Emergent Change
Theory and the Practice of Change
The Innovation
Communication
Time
Adopter Categories and Rate of Adoption
Identifying the Need for Industry-Wide Change
Consensus-Gathering Processes
The Role of External Influences
Considering Force Field Analysis
Identifying Industry Leaders
Management of Change in Teams
Ambassadorship in a Change Process
Evaluating System-Wide Interventions
Tools/Activities
Entry
Start-Up
Assessment and Feedback
Example of Agenda for System-Wide Leadership Summit
Action Planning
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 12. Community-Based Interventions
Overview
Understanding Communities
Types of Community-Based Interventions
Identifying the Power Structures Within the Community
Business Case Example
The Purpose
Community Background
Participants
The OD Practitioner
Step 1: Entrance
Step 2: Setting the Table (Defining the Power Structure)
Step 3: Assessment and Feedback
Step 4: Action Planning
Step 5: Intervention
Step 6: Evaluation
Step 7: Adoption
Step 8: Separation
Tools
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
References
Part IV: The Future
Chapter 13. The Future of Organization Development Interventions
Work in the Future
Work Prediction 1: Work Will Be Performed as Tasks or Projects
Work Prediction 2: More Work Will Be Performed by Robots and Artificial Intelligence
Work Prediction 3: Work Will Benefit from Crowdsourcing Logic
Workers in the Future
Worker Prediction 1: Fewer Young Workers Will Be Available in Many Countries
Worker Prediction 2: Organizations Will Compete for Retirees and Disabled Workers
Worker Prediction 3: Employers Will Compete for Talent Using Childcare and Eldercare Benefits
Workplaces in the Future
Workplace Prediction 1: More People Will Work from Home—or from Alternative Venues
Workplace Prediction 2: People Will Grow to Prefer Virtual Workplaces
Workplace Prediction 3: There Will Be Less Foreign Travel but Increased Use of Videoconferencing
Work Environments in the Future
Work Environment Prediction 1: More Natural and Manmade Disasters Will Influence Work, Workers, and Workplaces
Work Environment Prediction 2: Taken-for-Granted Resources Will Grow Scarce
Work Environment Prediction 3: Technology Will Create New Ways to Work and Interact
Other Trends in OD Interventions
Additional Trend 1: Big Data and OD Interventions
Additional Trend 2: OD Interventions Will Be Integrated with Conversations and Business Meetings
Additional Trend 3: Blockchain Methods Will Affect OD Interventions
Additional Trend 4: Diversity Efforts Will Increasingly Be Regarded as OD Interventions
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 14. What Unique Issues Surface When Implementing OD Interventions?
Overview
Challenges in Implementing OD Interventions
Overcoming Challenges Posed by Implementing OD Interventions
Unique Challenges Posed by the Scope of Change
Unique Challenges Posed by the Timeframe
Key Lessons Learned
Discussion Questions
Tool
References
Appendix A. Selected Resources to Support OD Intervention Implementation and Related Topics
OD Intervention Implementation
Articles
Books
Websites
Videos
Software
Executing Change Efforts
Articles
Books
Reports
Websites
Videos
Making Corporate Culture Change
Articles
Books
Websites
Videos
Implementation Science
Articles
Report
Videos
Using Evidence-Based OD
Articles
Books
Videos
Index