Oral and maxillofacial surgery review : a study guide

Cover......Page 1
Frontmatter......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Chapter 1: Medical Assessment......Page 12
Classification of congestive heart failure (CHF)......Page 13
Arrythmias......Page 14
Heart block (Fig 1-1)......Page 16
CHADS2 scoring table......Page 15
Medications......Page 17
Treatment......Page 18
Preoperative treatment decision algorithm......Page 19
Common types of pulmonary disease......Page 20
Obstructive versus restrictive lung disease......Page 21
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)......Page 22
Modified Wells criteria......Page 23
Need for emergent dialysis......Page 24
Complications of CRF......Page 25
Primary nephrotic syndrome......Page 26
Pauci immune glomerulonephritis......Page 27
Step one: Identify primary disorder......Page 28
Acid-Base Disorders......Page 29
Sodium Disorders......Page 31
Potassium Disorders......Page 33
Irritable Bowel Syndrome......Page 34
End Stage Liver Disease (ESLD)......Page 35
Hypoproliferative (low reticular cell count)......Page 36
Bleeding Disorders......Page 37
Anticoagulation medications......Page 38
Oral hypoglycemics......Page 39
Thyroid Disorders......Page 40
Pituitary Disorders......Page 41
Hypocalcemia......Page 42
Criteria for rheumatoid arthritis classification......Page 43
Myasthenia Gravis......Page 44
Allergy......Page 45
Vasculitides......Page 46
Syncope......Page 47
Hemorrhagic stroke......Page 48
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome......Page 49
Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA) protocol......Page 50
Lewy Body Dementia......Page 51
Treatment......Page 52
Treatment......Page 53
Common Perioperative Issues......Page 54
Recommended Readings......Page 58
Chapter 2: Anesthesia......Page 60
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Classification......Page 61
Continuum of sedation*......Page 62
Intubation techniques......Page 63
Volatile Agents......Page 64
Systemic effects of volatile agents......Page 65
Barbiturates......Page 66
Propofol......Page 67
Benzodiazepines......Page 68
Neuromuscular Blockers......Page 69
Nondepolarizing Agents......Page 70
Local anesthetic agents......Page 71
Mechanical Ventilation......Page 72
Cardiovascular Problems......Page 74
Malignant Hyperthermia......Page 76
Postoperative Management......Page 77
Common postoperative issues......Page 78
Pediatric Patients......Page 79
Obese Patients......Page 80
Diabetic Patients......Page 81
Hyperthyroid Patients......Page 82
Asthmatic Patients......Page 83
Patients with Cerebral Palsy......Page 84
Recommended Readings......Page 85
Chapter 3: Dentoalveolar Surgery......Page 86
Tooth eruption sequence......Page 87
Cone beam computed tomography......Page 88
Radiation dose......Page 89
Frequency, etiology, and management......Page 90
Possible Reasons for Third Molar Impaction......Page 91
Pell and Gregory classification......Page 92
ADA Codes for Impacted Third Molars with AAOMS Description......Page 93
Indications for Third Molar Extraction......Page 94
Factors associated with increased complication incidence and severity......Page 96
Intraoperative complications......Page 97
Iatrogenic damage to adjacent teeth/structures......Page 100
Nerve terminology (Fig 3-9)......Page 104
Classifications of nerve injury......Page 105
Nerve repair......Page 106
Postoperative complications......Page 108
Intraoral Flap Design......Page 111
Cawood and Howell classification of edentulous ridge......Page 112
Z-plasty: Labial frenectomy......Page 113
Vestibuloplasty......Page 114
Kazanjian flap vestibuloplasty......Page 115
Tuberoplasty......Page 116
Treatment of Denture-Associated Pathology......Page 117
Bacteriology......Page 118
Indications for Inpatient Treatment......Page 119
Commonly used antibiotics for oral and maxillofacial infections......Page 120
Pseudomembranous Colitis......Page 121
Cervicofacial Necrotizing Fasciitis......Page 122
Oral Candidiasis......Page 123
Noma (Orofacial Gangrene)......Page 124
Types of TADs......Page 125
Miniplates......Page 126
Indications......Page 127
Average Suture Resorption Time......Page 128
Recommended Readings......Page 129
Chapter 4: Dental Implantology......Page 130
Implant Components......Page 131
Presurgical Work-Up......Page 133
Stage 1: Surgical Placement of Implant......Page 135
Single-Stage (Nonsubmerged) Versus Two-Stage (Submerged) Approach......Page 136
Implant-supported fixed prosthesis......Page 137
Implant-retained, tissue-supported prosthesis......Page 138
Zygomatic implant......Page 139
Epithelialized palatal graft (free gingival graft) (Fig 4-11)......Page 140
Autogenous bone......Page 141
Socket Preservation......Page 142
Technique used depends on available height of alveolar bone......Page 143
Complications......Page 144
Recommended Readings......Page 145
Chapter 5: Orthognathic Surgery......Page 146
Clinical Work-Up for Orthognathic Surgery......Page 147
Middle third......Page 148
Assess AP maxillary position......Page 149
Assess AP mandibular position......Page 151
Assess mandibular incisor inclination......Page 152
Assess the chin......Page 153
Presurgical Orthodontics......Page 154
Le Fort I Osteotomy......Page 155
Technique......Page 156
Le Fort I Osteotomy Complications......Page 157
Mandibular Ramus Osteotomies......Page 159
Surgical Techniques......Page 160
Complications......Page 162
Genioplasty......Page 163
Stability of Orthognathic Surgery......Page 164
Management Options for Idiopathic Condylar Resorption......Page 165
Indexes that report severity of hypoxia......Page 166
Fujita Classification......Page 167
Phase I multilevel surgery......Page 168
Recommended Readings......Page 169
Chapter 6: Trauma......Page 170
Glasgow Coma Scale......Page 171
Cranial Nerve (CN) Quick Assessment Guide......Page 172
Ocular structures......Page 173
Signs and symptoms of ocular trauma......Page 174
Ear-related signs and symptoms of basilar skull fracture......Page 175
Blunt neck trauma......Page 176
Intubation......Page 177
Common Extubation Criteria......Page 178
Screw Anatomy......Page 179
Biomechanical Concepts......Page 180
Sequence of Management......Page 181
Special Considerations......Page 182
Dentoalveolar Injuries......Page 183
Mandibular Fractures......Page 184
Fracture Variables......Page 185
Principles of Repair......Page 186
Complications......Page 187
Treatment......Page 188
Nasal Bone Fractures......Page 189
Zygomaticomaxillary Complex (ZMC) Fractures......Page 190
NOE Fractures......Page 191
Frontal Sinus Fractures......Page 192
Anatomy......Page 193
Ligaments......Page 194
Treatment......Page 195
Incision Designs......Page 196
Complications......Page 197
Panfacial Fractures......Page 198
Common approach sequences......Page 199
Differences Between Weapons......Page 202
Third phase (day 7 and after)......Page 203
Management of Complications......Page 204
Recommended Readings......Page 205
Chapter 7: Pathology......Page 206
Origins of Odontogenic Tumors......Page 207
Ameloblastoma......Page 208
Squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT)......Page 209
Odontogenic fibroma......Page 210
Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO)......Page 211
Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (Gorlin cyst)......Page 212
Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma......Page 213
Odontogenic Tumors: Prognosis......Page 214
Nonodontogenic Tumors......Page 215
Giant cell lesions......Page 216
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)......Page 218
Fibro-osseous lesions......Page 220
Neurogenic tumors......Page 222
Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma......Page 223
Desmoplastic fibroma/aggressive fibromatosis......Page 224
Osteosarcoma......Page 225
Ewing sarcoma......Page 226
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)......Page 227
Burkitt lymphoma......Page 228
Metastatic carcinoma of the jaws......Page 229
Paradental cyst......Page 230
Developmental Cysts (Odontogenic Origin)......Page 231
Other Maxillofacial Cysts......Page 233
Cystic Lesions......Page 234
Etiology......Page 235
Tumors of the Salivary Glands......Page 237
Monomorphic adenoma......Page 238
Other benign salivary gland tumors......Page 239
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC)......Page 240
Adenoid cystic carcinoma......Page 241
Other malignant salivary gland tumors......Page 242
Survival rate......Page 243
Considerations......Page 244
Neck Dissection Boundaries (Fig 7-48)......Page 245
Complications......Page 246
Adjuvant Treatment......Page 247
Primary therapy......Page 248
Adjuvant therapy together with radiation therapy (concurrent chemoradiation)......Page 249
Prognosis......Page 250
Lentigo......Page 251
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer......Page 253
Melanoma......Page 255
Mohs Surgery......Page 258
General Considerations......Page 259
Differential diagnosis based on location......Page 260
Branchial cleft cyst......Page 261
Inflammatory......Page 262
Carotid body tumor (CBT)......Page 263
Immune Related......Page 264
Erythema multiforme......Page 266
Infection......Page 267
Aphthous stomatitis (canker sore)......Page 268
Infantile Hemangioma......Page 269
Congenital Hemangioma......Page 270
Prognosis......Page 271
Classification......Page 273
CT scan and MRI......Page 274
Sclerosing osteomyelitis......Page 275
Classification......Page 276
Risk factors......Page 277
Jaw Tumors......Page 278
Cutaneous lesions......Page 279
Histologic Correlations......Page 280
Correlations Between Syndrome/Disease and Lesions......Page 282
Recommended Readings......Page 284
Chapter 8: Maxillofacial Reconstruction......Page 286
Local factors......Page 287
Systemic factors......Page 288
Scarring......Page 289
Mathes and Nahai system for muscular flap classification......Page 290
Flaps......Page 291
Surgical management......Page 292
Head Flaps......Page 293
Orofacial Arterial System......Page 294
Neck Flaps......Page 296
Transverse Cervical System......Page 297
Chest Flaps......Page 298
Vessel Discrepancy......Page 299
Factors Associated with Flap Failure......Page 300
Radial Forearm Fasciocutaneous Flap (RFFF)......Page 301
Anterolateral Thigh (ALT) Flap......Page 303
Other Commonly Used Soft Tissue Flaps......Page 305
Fibular Flap (Fig 8-5)......Page 306
Comparison of Composite Free Flaps......Page 308
Nose Reconstruction......Page 309
External skin reconstruction options......Page 310
Nose reconstruction algorithm......Page 311
Ear Reconstruction......Page 312
Ear reconstruction options......Page 313
Eyelid Reconstruction......Page 315
Cheek Reconstruction......Page 316
Upper lip reconstruction......Page 317
Midface Reconstruction......Page 318
Autogenous Bone Grafting......Page 319
Distant Bone Graft......Page 320
Anterior Iliac Bone Graft (AIBG)......Page 321
Posterior Iliac Bone Graft (PIBG)......Page 322
Tibial Bone Graft......Page 323
Costochondral Graft......Page 325
Recommended Readings......Page 327
Chapter 9: Orofacial Pain......Page 328
Trigeminal Nuclei......Page 329
Common Orofacial Pain Terminology......Page 330
Episodic Neuropathic Pain Disorders......Page 331
Continuous Neuropathic Pain Disorders......Page 332
Primary Headache Disorders......Page 334
Secondary headaches......Page 335
Masticatory Muscle Disorders......Page 336
Comparison of various masticatory muscle disorders......Page 337
Treatment Modalities......Page 338
Fibromyalgia versus myofascial pain......Page 339
Recommended Readings......Page 340
Chapter 10: The TMJ......Page 342
Components......Page 343
Joint Space Entrance......Page 346
Common Open Joint Incision Designs......Page 347
Scintigraphy......Page 348
Treatment Options......Page 349
Comparison Between OA and RA......Page 350
Osteoarthritis (OA)......Page 351
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)......Page 352
Spondyloarthropathies......Page 353
Crystal-Induced Arthropathy......Page 354
Gout versus pseudogout......Page 355
Wilkes Classification of Internal Derangements......Page 356
Treatment algorithm for TMJ locking......Page 357
Diagnostic arthroscopy......Page 358
Diagnosis......Page 359
Demographics......Page 360
Classifications of TMJ ankylosis......Page 361
Other Causes of Hypomobility......Page 362
Surgical management of recurrent dislocation......Page 363
Neoplasms of the TMJ......Page 364
Pseudotumors......Page 365
Benign TMJ Tumors......Page 366
Malignant Neoplasms of the TMJ......Page 367
TMJ Prostheses......Page 369
Complications in TMJ Surgery......Page 370
Recommended Readings......Page 373
Chapter 11: Craniofacial Surgery......Page 374
Cleft Lip and Palate......Page 375
Timing of Surgical Correction......Page 377
Cleft Lip Repair......Page 378
Cleft Palate Repair......Page 380
Alveolar Cleft Bone Grafting......Page 381
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Management......Page 383
Cleft Rhinoplasty......Page 384
Considerations in Orthognathic Surgery for the CLP patient......Page 385
Tessier classification system (Fig 11-6)......Page 386
OMENS Classification......Page 387
Hemifacial Microsomia......Page 388
Treacher Collins Syndrome......Page 389
Nager Syndrome......Page 390
Pierre Robin Sequence......Page 391
Craniosynostosis......Page 392
Isolated Craniosynostosis......Page 393
Complications if Unrepaired......Page 394
Positioning Posteror Plagiocephaly Versus Lamboid Synostosis......Page 395
Crouzon Syndrome......Page 396
Apert Syndrome......Page 397
Carpenter Syndrome......Page 398
Encephalocele......Page 399
Recommended Readings......Page 400
Chapter 12: Cosmetic Surgery......Page 402
Glogau photoaging classification......Page 403
Functional Considerations......Page 404
Forehead Anatomy......Page 405
Brow/forehead lift technique......Page 407
Periorbital Anatomy (Fig 12-3)......Page 408
Transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty technique......Page 411
Rhinoplasty Anatomy......Page 412
Nasal structures......Page 413
Surface anatomy*......Page 415
Rhinoplasty Techniques......Page 416
Rhinoplasty Complications......Page 417
Otoplasty Anatomy (Fig 12-4)......Page 419
Otoplasty Techniques......Page 420
Otoplasty Complications......Page 421
Facelift Anatomy......Page 422
Nerves......Page 423
Facelift Terminology......Page 424
Facelift Techniques......Page 425
Facelift Complications......Page 426
Liposuction and Autologous Fat Transfer Techniques......Page 427
Liposuction Complications......Page 428
Chemical Peel......Page 429
Botulinum Toxin......Page 430
Recommended Readings......Page 431
Index......Page 432