Optical Anisotropy of Biological Polycrystalline Networks: Vector-Parametric Diagnostics

Acknowledgments
Introduction
References
Contents
1 Mueller-Matrix Modeling and Diagnostics of Optically Anisotropic Biological Layers
1.1 Basic Principles of Polarimetry of Biological Layers
1.2 Theoretical Models for Describing the Polarization-Optical Properties of Biological Tissues with Anisotropic Components
1.3 Mueller Matrixes of Optically Anisotropic Biological Layers and Rotational Invariants
1.4 Mueller-Matrix Model of Linear Birefringence of Fibrillar Networks of Biological Layers
1.5 Generalized Mueller-Matrix Model of Phase Anisotropy of the Biological Layer
References
2 Methods and Systems of Polarization Mueller-Matrix Microscopy of Biological Samples
2.1 Physical Substantiation and Selection of Research Objects
2.2 Methods of Manufacturing Prototypes of Biological Tissues and Fluids
2.3 Characterization of Research Objects
2.4 Optical Scheme of Experimental Research and Their Characteristics
2.4.1 Optical Scheme of Two-Dimensional Spectrally Selective Stokes Polarimetry and Its Characteristics
2.4.2 Optical Scheme of Two-Dimensional Fourier–Stokes Polarimetry and Its Characteristics
2.5 Methods of Analytical Analysis and the Totality of Its Objective Parameters
2.5.1 Statistical Analysis
2.5.2 Fractal Analysis
2.5.3 Information Analysis and Method Strength
References
3 Mueller-Matrix Description of the Optically Anisotropy of Biological Layers
3.1 The Main Types of Optical Anisotropy and Partial Matrix Operators for Its Description
3.2 Mueller-Matrix Approach to the Description of Polycrystalline Layers with Phase and Amplitude Anisotropy
3.3 Partial Mueller-Matrix Operators Describing the Mechanisms of Phase and Amplitude Anisotropy
3.4 Generalized Mueller Matrix of a Biological Layer with Phase and Amplitude Anisotropy
3.5 Mueller-Matrix Reconstruction or Reproduction of Optical Anisotropy Parameters
References
4 Azimuthally Invariant Mueller-Matrix Mapping of Optically Anisotropic Networks of Biological Tissues and Fluids
4.1 Mueller-Matrix Images of Optically Anisotropic Networks of Biological Tissues
4.2 Mueller-Matrix Invariants Characterizing the Optical Anisotropy of Histological Sections of Biological Tissues
4.3 Mueller-Matrix Differentiation of Fibrillar Networks of Biological Tissues with Different Phase and Amplitude Anisotropy
4.3.1 Differentiation of Linear and Circular Birefringence Parameters
4.3.2 Differentiation of Linear and Circular Dichroism Parameters
4.4 Mueller-Matrix Mapping of Blood-Filled Biological Tissues
References
5 Azimuthally Invariant Mueller-Matrix Reconstruction of the Optical Anisotropy Parameters of the Polycrystalline Structure of Biological Tissues and Human Fluids
5.1 Mueller-Matrix Reconstruction of the Distribution of Parameter Values Characterizing Birefringence and Dichroism of Optically Anisotropic Networks of Biological Tissues in a Precancerous State
5.2 “Two-Wave” Mueller-Matrix Reconstruction of the Distribution of Optical Anisotropy Parameter Values of Polycrystalline Films of Biological Fluids (Methodological Justification)
5.3 “Two-Wave” Mueller-Matrix Reconstruction of the Distribution of Optical Anisotropy Parameter Values of Polycrystalline Films of Biological Fluids (Experimental Results)
5.3.1 Determination of a Statistically Significant Representative Sample of Patients with Known (Reference) Diagnosis
5.3.2 Checking the “Stability” of Polarization Reconstruction Algorithms
5.3.3 Polarization Reconstruction of the Optical Anisotropy Parameters of Plasma Films Blood
5.3.4 Polarization Reconstruction of the Optical Anisotropy Parameters of Bile Films of Man
References
6 Methods and Means of Fourier-Stokes Polarimetry and Spatial-Frequency Filtering of Phase Anisotropy Manifestations
6.1 Fourier-Stokes Polarimetry Manifestations of Linear Birefringence Mechanisms of Structured Fibrillar Networks of Histological Sections of Biological Tissues
6.1.1 Justification and Relevance of the Method
6.2 Theoretical Basis of the Method
6.3 Spatial-Frequency Fourier-Stokes Polarimetry of the Manifestations of Linear Birefringence of Histological Sections of Biological Tissues
6.4 Spatial-Frequency Fourier-Stokes Polarimetry of Birefringence Manifestations of Small-Scale Fibrillar Networks of Biological Tissues
6.5 Fourier-Mueller-Matrix Mapping of Parameter Distributions Characterizing the Phase Anisotropy of Histological Sections of Biological Tissues in a Precancerous State
6.5.1 Spatial-Frequency Fourier-Stokes Polarimetry of Linear Birefringence Endometrium
6.5.2 Spatial-Frequency Fourier-Stokes Polarimetry of Circular Birefringence of Endometrium
References
Conclusions