Ontological Semantics

9.3.2 Paradigmatic Approach to Semantic Acquisition I: “Rapid Propagation”......Page 2
conclusion.pdf......Page 0
1. Introduction to Ontological Semantics......Page 6
1.1.1 Relevant Components of an Intelligent Agent’s Model......Page 11
1.1.3 Operation of the Discourse Consumer......Page 12
1.2 Ontological Semantics: An Initial Sketch......Page 13
1.3 Ontological Semantics and Non-Semantic NLP Processors......Page 15
1.4 Architectures for Comprehensive NLP Applications......Page 16
1.4.1 The Stratified Model......Page 17
1.4.3 Toward Constraint Satisfaction Architectures......Page 18
1.5.1 The Analyzer......Page 22
1.5.3 World Knowledge Maintenance and Reasoning Module......Page 23
1.6 The Static Knowledge Sources......Page 24
1.7 The Concept of Microtheories......Page 25
2.1 Reasons for Philosophizing......Page 28
2.2.1 Introduction: Philosophy, Science, and Engineering......Page 30
2.2.2 Reason One: Optimization......Page 32
2.2.3 Reason Two: Challenging Conventional Wisdom......Page 33
2.2.4 Reason Three: Standardization and Evaluation......Page 34
2.3 Components of a Theory......Page 35
2.3.2 Premises......Page 37
2.3.3 Body......Page 39
2.3.4 Justification......Page 40
2.4 Parameters of Linguistic Semantic Theories......Page 42
2.4.1.1 Adequacy......Page 43
2.4.1.2 Effectiveness......Page 44
2.4.1.3 Explicitness......Page 46
2.4.1.4 Formality and Formalism......Page 47
2.4.2.1 Methodology and Linguistic Theory......Page 49
2.4.2.4 Methodology of Discovery: Heuristics......Page 51
2.4.2.5 Practical Skills and Tools as Part of Methodology......Page 53
2.4.2.6 Disequilibrium Between Theory and Methodology......Page 54
2.4.4 Parameters Related to the Internal Organization of a Theory......Page 55
2.4.5 Parameter Values and Some Theories......Page 56
2.5.1 Theories and Applications......Page 59
2.5.1.1 Difference 1: Goals......Page 63
2.5.2 Blame Assignment......Page 64
2.5.3.2 Solutions are a Must, Even for Unsolvable Problems......Page 65
2.5.4.2 Partial Interactions......Page 66
2.5.4.4 Constraints on Automation......Page 67
2.5.5.1 Statistics-Based Machine Translation......Page 68
2.5.5.2 Quick Ramp-Up Machine Translation Developer System......Page 69
2.6 Using the Parameters......Page 72
2.6.1 Purview......Page 73
8.2.2 Matching Selectional Restrictions......Page 74
9.3.1 General Principles of Lexical Semantic Acquisition......Page 76
2.6.3 Justification......Page 77
8.2.3 Multivalued Static Selectional Restrictions......Page 78
9.3.3 Paradigmatic Approach to Lexical Acquisition II: Lexical Rules......Page 79
3.2 Diachrony of word meaning......Page 82
3.3 Meaning and reference.......Page 84
3.4.1 Option 1: Refusing to Study Meaning......Page 85
3.4.3 Option 3: Componential Analysis, or the Dawn of Metalanguage......Page 86
3.4.4 Option 4: Logic, or Importing a Metalanguage......Page 87
3.5.1 Formal Semantics......Page 89
3.5.2 Semantic vs. Syntactic Compositionality......Page 93
3.5.3 Compositionality in Linguistic Semantics......Page 94
3.6 A Trio of Free-Standing Semantic Ideas from Outside Major Schools......Page 96
3.7 Compositionality in Computational Semantics.......Page 97
4.1.1 Generative Lexicon: Main Idea......Page 100
4.1.2 Generative vs. Enumerative?......Page 101
4.1.3 Generative Lexicon and Novel Senses......Page 102
4.1.4 Permeative Usage?......Page 103
4.2 Syntax vs. Semantics......Page 105
4.3 Lexical Semantics and Sentential Meaning.......Page 107
4.3.2 Ontological Semantics for Sentential Meaning......Page 108
4.3.3 Lexical Semantics and Pragmatics......Page 110
4.4 Description Coverage......Page 111
5.1 Ontology and Metaphysics......Page 116
5.2.1 Formal Basis of Ontology......Page 118
5.2.2 Ontology as Engineering......Page 120
5.2.3 Ontology Interchange......Page 121
5.3.1 A Quick and Dirty Distinction Between Ontology and Natural Language......Page 123
5.3.2 The Real Distinction Between Ontology and Natural Language......Page 125
5.4 A Wish List for Formal Ontology from Ontological Semantics......Page 129
9. Acquisition of Static Knowledge Sources for Ontological Semantics......Page 131
6.1 Meaning Proper and the Rest......Page 132
9.3.7 Ontological Matching and Lexical Constraints......Page 137
6.3 Ontological Concepts and Non-Ontological Parameters in TMR......Page 144
8.6.1 Reference and Co-Reference......Page 145
6.5 Further Examples of TMR Specification......Page 148
7.3 The Lexicon......Page 151
6.7 Basic and Extended TMRs......Page 152
7.1.1 The Format of Mikrokosmos Ontology......Page 159
7.1.3 Case Roles for Predicates......Page 170
7.1.4 Choices and Trade-Offs in Ontological Representations.......Page 141
7.1.5 Complex Events......Page 142
10. Conclusion......Page 1
7.4 The Onomasticon......Page 201
9.1 Automating Knowledge Acquisition in Ontological Semantics......Page 155
8.1.1 Tokenization and Morphological Analysis......Page 204
8.1.2 Lexical Look-up......Page 160
8.1.3 Syntactic Analysis......Page 207
8.2 Building Basic Semantic Dependency......Page 161
9.2 Acquisition of Ontology......Page 133
9.3.4 Steps in Lexical Acquisition......Page 171
8.3.1 Dynamic Tightening of Selectional Restrictions......Page 217
9.3.6 Grain Size and Practical Effability......Page 136
8.4.2 Processing Non-literal Language......Page 227
8.5.1 Aspect......Page 138
8.5.2 Proposition Time......Page 5
8.5.3 Modality......Page 139
8.6.3 Discourse Relations......Page 147
9.3 Acquisition of Lexicon......Page 75
9.3.5 Polysemy Reduction......Page 276
9.4 Acquisition of Fact DB......Page 174