One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites: Synthesis to Emerging Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Contributors
Editors
Chapter 1 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanoscale Filler Classifications
1.2.1 One-Dimensional Nanofillers
1.2.2 Two-Dimensional Nanofillers
1.2.3 Three-Dimensional Nanofillers
1.3 The Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites
1.4 Polymer Nanocomposite Design
1.4.1 Designing with Rationality in Mind
1.4.2 Functionality-Based Designs
1.4.3 Custom-Made Property-Based Designs
1.4.4 Design Parameters
1.4.4.1 Aspect Ratio
1.4.4.2 Interface
1.4.4.3 Orientation
1.5 Applications
1.6 Synthesis of Polymer Nanocomposites
1.6.1 Ultrasonication-Assisted Solution Mixing
1.6.2 Shear Mixing
1.6.3 Three-Roll Milling
1.6.4 Ball Milling
1.6.5 Double-Screw Extrusion
1.6.6 In-Situ Synthesis
1.7 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites: Current State-of-the-Art
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Carbon Nanotube-Strengthened Polymer Composites
2.1.1.1 Thermoset Polymer Composites
2.2 Synthesis of One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
2.2.1 Synthesis Via Electrospinning Technique
2.2.2 Solution-Casting Method
2.2.3 Hot-Stretching Process
2.2.4 Melt Compounding
2.2.5 Method of In-Situ Polymerization
2.2.6 In-Situ Polymer Composite Synthesis
2.2.7 Template-Based Method
2.2.8 Sonication
2.2.9 Radical Polymerization
2.2.10 Melt Intercalation Method
2.3 Properties of One-Dimensional-Polymeric Nanocomposites
2.3.1 Crystallization Properties
2.3.2 Dielectric/Electrical/Piezoresistive Properties
2.3.3 Mechanical Properties
2.3.4 Antibacterial Properties
2.3.5 Thermal Stability
2.3.6 Fire Retardance/Flammability
2.3.7 Biocompatibility
2.3.8 Resistance-Switching Capability/Mechanoresponsiveness
2.3.9 Optical Properties
2.4 Application of One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
2.4.1 Nanofiller Release
2.4.2 Energy Storage Capacitor
2.4.3 Electro-Optic (EO) Modulator
2.4.4 Lithium-Ion Solid-State Batteries
2.4.5 Biomedical/Bone Tissue Engineering
2.4.6 Strain-Sensing Behaviors
2.4.7 CO2 Solubility and Diffusivity
2.4.8 Thermoelectric Composites
2.4.9 Flexible Piezoresistive Tactile Sensors and Actuators
2.4.10 Tensioning Cables
2.4.11 Shielding against Electromagnetic Interference
2.4.12 Thermal Barriers
2.5 Summary and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Methods for Preparation of One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Preparation of 1D Polymeric Nanocomposites
3.2.1 Melt Intercalation
3.2.2 Solution Intercalation
3.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization
3.2.4 Electrospinning
3.2.5 Non-Traditional Methods
3.2.5.1 Using a Magnetic Field
3.2.5.2 Supercritical CO2-Assisted Mixing
3.2.5.3 Bucky Paper Composites
3.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Architectural Aspects of One-Dimensional Nanocomposites and Various Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Nanomaterials
4.3 Synthesis of 1D Nanostructured Materials
4.3.1 Vapour Phase or Gas-Phase Synthesis of 1D Nanomaterials
4.3.2 Mechanical Grinding
4.3.3 Sol-Gel Technique
4.3.4 Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis
4.3.5 Gas Condensation Processing (GPC)
4.3.6 Chemical Vapor Condensation (CVC)
4.3.7 Sputtered Plasma Processing
4.3.8 Microwave Plasma Processing
4.3.9 Particle-Precipitation-Assisted CVD
4.3.10 Laser Ablation
4.3.11 Electrospinning Method of Synthesis
4.3.11.1 Direct-Dispersed Electrospinning
4.3.11.2 Gas-Solid Reaction
4.3.11.3 In-Situ Photochemical Reduction Technique
4.3.11.4 Electrospinning Sol-Gel Technique
4.3.11.5 Emulsion Electrospinning Method
4.3.11.6 Co-Evaporation Method
4.3.11.7 Coaxial Electrospinning Technique
4.4 Architectural Aspects and Their Effects on the Properties of 1D Polymeric Materials
4.4.1 Titanate (TNTs) and Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)
4.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
4.4.3 Poly(vinyl Alcohol) (PVA)
4.4.4 Chitosan (CS)
4.4.5 Aromatic Polymers
4.5 Applications of 1D Nanomaterials
4.5.1 Applications in Optical and Electronic Nanodevices
4.5.2 Applications in Sensing
4.5.3 Applications in Catalysis
4.5.4 Applications in the Environmental Field
4.5.5 Energy Applications
4.5.6 Biomedical Applications
4.5.6.1 Applications in Drug Delivery
4.5.6.2 Applications in Tissue Engineering
4.5.6.3 Wound Dressing Applications
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Understanding Interfacial Influence on the Properties of One-Dimensional Nanocomposites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theory of Interfacial Interaction
5.2.1 Non-Covalent Interaction
5.2.2 Covalent Interaction
5.2.3 Characterization of Interfacial Interaction
5.3 Effects of Surface Functionalization of 1D Nanofiller
5.4 Effects of the Intrinsic Property of 1D Nanofiller
5.5 Effects of the Microstructure of 1D Nanofiller
5.6 Synergistic Effect of 1D Filler and Other Fillers
5.7 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Liquid Crystals in One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanonetworks: Physics and Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electro-Optical Properties
6.3 Application of 1D Polymer Networks
6.3.1 Smart Windows
6.3.2 Enhancement of Photoluminescence and Its Anisotropy by Polymer Networks
6.3.3 Orientation Order-Coupled Rubber Elasticity: LCE Actuators
6.4 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Toxicity and Risk Assessments of One-Dimensional Nanocomposites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dispersion and Fate of Nanocomposites during Transport
7.3 Suitability of Parameters When Studying Toxicity
7.4 Modern Models and Paradigms of Toxicity
7.4.1 The Size-Shape Roles of Biological Membranes
7.4.2 Evidence of Numerous Toxicity Mechanisms
7.5 Toxicity of 1D Nanocomposites and Their Components
7.5.1 Ceramic and Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
7.5.1.1 Toxicity Impacts of Metallic Nanoparticles from Nanocomposites
7.5.1.2 Toxicity Impacts of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles from Nanocomposites
7.5.1.3 Toxicity Impacts of Carbon Nanotubes from Nanocomposites
7.5.2 Stimulus-Responsive Nanocomposites
7.5.2.1 Toxicity Impacts of Carbon Quantum Dots from Nanocomposites
7.6 Revisiting Theoretical Tools for Risk Assessments for Renewed Perspectives
7.6.1 Recognizing Risks
7.6.2 Tools for Risk Assessments
7.6.3 Assessment of Exposure to Toxins
7.6.4 Risk Characterization
7.7 Concluding Remarks: Concerning Exposure Metrics for Manufactured Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 One-Dimensional Polymeric Materials for Advanced Energy Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis and Characterization of 1D Polymeric Materials
8.2.1 Electrospinning
8.2.2 Interfacial Polymerization
8.2.3 Sol-Gel Method
8.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
8.3 1D Polymers for Energy Generation
8.3.1 1D Polymeric Materials in Solar Cells
8.3.1.1 1D Material in Silicon-Based Solar Cells
8.3.1.2 1D Material in Bulk-Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells (PSC)
8.3.2 Fuel Cells
8.3.2.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
8.3.2.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
8.4 1D Polymers for Energy Storage
8.4.1 1D Polymeric Materials in Batteries
8.4.1.1 Metal-Ion Batteries
8.4.1.2 Metal-Air Batteries
8.4.2 1D Polymeric Materials in Supercapacitors
8.5 1D Polymers for Wearable Devices
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classifications of Supercapacitors
9.3 1D Nanocomposites of Metal Oxides and Conducting Polymers
9.4 1D Nanocomposites of CNTs and Conducting Polymers
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Flexible Supercapacitors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Energy Storage Systems: Basic Concepts and Comparison
10.3 Fabrication Methods for Fibers and Supercapacitors
10.3.1 Wet Spinning
10.3.2 Confined Hydrothermal Process
10.3.3 Dry Spinning or Film Scrolling
10.4 Materials in Supercapacitors
10.4.1 Carbon-Based Fibers
10.4.2 Transition Metal Oxides-Carbon Composite Fibers
10.4.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Fibers
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Rechargeable Batteries
11.1 Introduction
11.2 1D Polymer Nanocomposite for Battery Electrodes
11.3 1D Polymer Nanocomposite for Battery Separators
11.4 1D Polymer Nanocomposite for Battery Electrolytes
11.5 Future Needs and Prospects
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites and Other Low-Dimensional Materials for Flexible Batteries
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Critical Parameters for Flexible Batteries
12.2.1 Geometric Parameters
12.2.2 Mechanical Parameters
12.2.3 Energy Density Parameters
12.3 Flexible 1D Materials for Batteries
12.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes in Flexible Batteries
12.3.1.1 General Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes
12.3.1.2 Brief Overview of Electrode Materials for Flexible Batteries
12.4 Flexible Batteries Based on CNT-Containing Composites
12.5 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
Chapter 13 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Overall Water-Splitting Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 One-Dimensional Polymers
13.2.1 Electrospinning Technique
13.2.2 Template-Aided Technique
13.2.3 Template-Free Techniques
13.2.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Technique
13.3 Water Splitting
13.3.1 Fundamentals for Neutral Water Splitting
13.3.2 Mechanism of HER
13.3.3 Mechanism of OER
13.4 Nafions
13.5 Polymer Dots
13.6 Bifunctional Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs)
13.6.1 1D Carbon Nanocomposite
13.7 Nanofibers Used in Water Splitting
13.7.1 Application of Nanofiber-Based Electro-Catalysts in HER
13.7.1.1 Noble Metals
13.7.1.2 The Alloys of Transition Metals
13.7.1.3 Transition Metal Composites
13.7.1.4 Metal-Free Carbons
13.7.2 Nanofiber-Based Electrocatalysts for OER
13.7.2.1 Transition Metal Alloys
13.7.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides
13.7.2.3 Other Transition Metal Composites
13.8 Polymeric Carbon Nitride (PCN)
13.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Fuel Cells
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polymeric Nanocomposites
14.2.1 PFSA-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites
14.2.1.1 Nafion-CNT Nanocomposites
14.2.2 Polyaromatic Nanocomposites
14.2.2.1 Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) (SPEEK)-CNT Nanocomposites
14.2.2.2 Polybenzimidazole (PBI)-CNT Nanocomposites
14.2.2.3 Sulfonated Polysulfone (SPS)-CNT Nanocomposites
14.2.2.4 Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) (SPAES)-CNT Nanocomposites
14.2.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
14.2.3.1 PANI-CNT Composites
14.2.3.2 Polypyrrole (PPy)-CNT Composites
14.2.4 Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
14.2.4.1 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA)-CNT Composites
14.2.4.2 Polyester-CNT Composites
14.2.4.3 Polypropylene (PP)-CNT Composites
14.2.5 Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites
14.2.5.1 Chitosan (CS)-CNT Nanocomposites
14.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 1D Polymers for High-Performance Photovoltaics
15.1 Contextualization
15.2 Introduction
15.2.1 The Morphological and Conformational Question
15.3 Transparent and Low-Bandgap Devices
15.4 Designed Devices for Indoor Applications
15.5 Impedance Spectroscopy Applied to Photovoltaics
15.6 Quantum Methods Applied to OPVs
15.7 Final Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Devices
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Light-Harvesting Mechanism of Polymeric Solar Cells
16.3 Effective One-Dimensional Polymers for Solar Cells
16.4 Flexible Polymeric Solar Cells
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Flexible Solar Cells
17.1 Introduction
17.2 One-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials for Flexible Solar Cells
17.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
17.2.1.1 Structure and Classification of CNTs
17.2.1.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)
17.2.1.3 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)
17.2.1.4 CNTs in Flexible Solar Cells
17.2.1.5 CNTs as a Hole Extraction Layer or the Transparent Conducting Electrode
17.2.1.6 CNTs as Additives
17.2.2 Nanowires for High Efficiency Flexible Solar Cells
17.2.2.1 Challenges in Making NW Solar Cells
17.2.3 Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) in Flexible Solar Cells
17.3 Application of One-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanotubes, Nanowires, Nanoribbons, and Nanorods in Solar Cells
17.3.1 Titanium Oxide and Zinc Oxide
17.3.2 Copper Oxides
17.3.3 Effective Use of Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Nanocomposite Counter Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
17.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Recent Development in One-Dimensional Polymer-Based Nanomaterials for High-Performance Solar Cells
18.1 Introduction
18.2 High-Performance Solar Cells
18.3 Photovoltaic Cells and Mechanism of Their Functioning
18.4 Applications of Photovoltaic Cells
18.5 Advantages of 1D Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) Materials for Energy Harvesting
18.6 Operating Principle of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
18.7 Types of Solar Cells
18.7.1 Crystalline Silicon Cells
18.7.2 Thin-Film Cells
18.7.3 Organic Solar Cells
18.8 One-Dimensional Conducting Polymeric Nanomaterials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
18.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 19 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Detection
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Fabrication of One-Dimensional (1D) Polymeric Nanocomposites
19.2.1 Template-Based Synthesis
19.2.2 Template-Free Synthesis
19.3 Properties of One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
19.4 Heavy Metal Detection
19.4.1 Optical Detection of Heavy Metals
19.4.2 Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metals
19.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Biosensors
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Classifications of 1D Polymeric Nanocomposites
20.2.1 Polymer – CNTs
20.2.2 Polymer – Metal and Metal Oxides
20.2.3 Polymer Blend
20.2.4 Polymer – Nanoclay
20.2.5 Polymer – Multicomponents
20.3 Strategies to Form 1D Polymeric Nanocomposites
20.3.1 In-Situ Polymerization of Polymer on 1D Nanofiller
20.3.2 In-Situ Sol-Gel Processing of Polymer on 1D Nanofiller
20.3.3 Covalent Grafting of Polymer on 1D Nanomaterial
20.3.4 Self-Assembly of 1D Polymer with Nanofiller
20.3.5 Electrospinning Techniques
20.3.6 Other Thin-Layer Deposition Techniques
20.4 Biological Functionalization Techniques
20.4.1 Covalent Functionalization
20.4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization
20.4.3 Physical Entrapment
20.5 Applications of 1D Polymeric Nanocomposites in Biosensors
20.5.1 Enzymatic Biosensors
20.5.2 Immunosensors
20.5.3 Aptasensors
20.5.4 DNA Biosensors
20.5.5 MIP-Based Biosensors
20.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 21 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Sensors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Fundamentals of the Electrochemical Sensors
21.2.1 Working Principle of Electrochemical Sensors
21.2.2 Characterization Methods of Electrochemical Sensors
21.2.2.1 Potentiometry
21.2.2.2 Amperometry
21.2.2.3 Conductometry
21.2.2.4 Voltammetry
21.3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
21.3.1 Sensing Applications
21.4 Fabrication of Multi-Functionalized One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for the Application of Electrochemical Sensors
21.4.1 Transducer Incorporation to Sensing Systems
21.4.2 Techniques to Enhance Adhesion of Transducers on Substrates
21.5 Role of High Aspect Ratio in Improving the Sensing Ability of 1D Nanostructures
21.6 Comparison of the Properties of One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites to the Bulk Polymers
21.7 Preparations of One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
21.7.1 Use of Nanomaterials and Biomaterials
21.7.2 Use of Metal-Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
21.7.3 Use of Carbon Nanomaterials
21.7.4 Use of Biological Materials
21.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Biomedical Implants
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Types of Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
22.2.1 Ceramic Nanocomposites
22.2.2 Metallic Nanocomposites
22.2.3 Polymeric Nanocomposites
22.3 Methods of Synthesis of Polymeric Nanocomposites
22.3.1 Generalized Methods Employed for the Preparation of Polymeric Nanocomposites
22.3.1.1 Ultrasonic-Assisted Solution Blending
22.3.1.2 Melt Processing Technique
22.3.1.3 Ball Milling
22.3.1.4 In-Situ Polymerization
22.3.1.5 Electrospinning
22.3.1.6 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
22.4 Biocompatibility Study of Polymeric Nanocomposites
22.4.1 Hemolysis Assay
22.4.2 In-Vitro Cytocompatibility
22.4.2.1 PrestoBlue Assay
22.4.2.2 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay
22.4.2.3 Calcein-AM (LIVE) Assay
22.4.2.4 MTT Colorimetric Assay
22.5 Applications of One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
22.5.1 As an Antibacterial
22.5.2 In Bone Tissue Regeneration
22.5.3 In Wound Healing
22.5.4 Controlling Stem Cell Behavior
22.5.5 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
22.5.6 Nerve Tissue Engineering
22.5.7 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
22.5.8 Skeletal Tissue Engineering
22.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites-Based Microcontainers for Biomedical Applications
23.1 1D Polymeric Nanocomposite-Based Micro-/Nanocontainers
23.2 Fabrication of 1D Polymeric Nanocomposite-Based Microcontainers
23.3 Biomedical Applications of 1D Polymeric Nanocomposite-Based Micro/Nanocontainers: Drug Delivery Systems
23.4 1D Polymeric Nanocomposite-Based Micro/Nanocontainer-Based Biosensors: Principle, Components, and Their Applications
23.5 Future Trends
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Basic Concept of Tissue Engineering
24.2 Applications of 1D Polymer Nanocomposites
24.2.1 Scaffolds with 1D Nanofillers in Polymer Nanocomposites
24.2.1.1 Bone TE
24.2.1.2 Neuronal TE
24.2.1.3 Cardiac TE
24.2.2 Non-Carbon Nanotubes
24.2.3 Natural Fibers
24.2.4 Conducting 1D Polymers
24.3 Composites with Nanoparticles to Make 1D Polymer Composites
24.4 1D Polymeric Nanocomposites for Organ-on-a-Chip
24.4.1 Lung-on-a-Chip
24.4.2 Liver-on-a-Chip
24.4.3 Gut-on-a-Chip
24.4.4 Skin-on-a-Chip
24.4.5 Brain-on-a-Chip
24.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25 Recent Developments in One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Wound Healing and Infection Control
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Current Treatments for Wound Infections
25.3 1D-PNs in Wound Healing and Associated Chronic Infections
25.3.1 1D-PN as a Promising Antimicrobial Agent
25.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.1.2 Metal/Metal Oxide/Metal Hydroxide-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.1.3 Chalcogenides-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.1.4 Metal Phthalocyanine- and Porphyrin-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.1.5 Antimicrobial Drug/Antibiotic-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.2 1D-PN as an Active Therapy for Wound Healing
25.3.2.1 CNT-Loaded 1D-PN Wound Healing
25.3.2.2 Metal/Metal Oxide/Metal Hydroxide-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.2.3 Chalcogenides-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.2.4 Multi Polymer-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.2.5 Wound-Healing Drug-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.3.2.6 Cell Growth Factor-Loaded 1D-PNs
25.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Antimicrobial Activities of One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Polymeric Nanofiber Composites Based on Polysaccharides
26.3 Polymeric Nanofibercomposites Based on Synthetic Polymers
26.4 Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Polyurethane
26.5 Polymeric Nanofiber Composites Based on Polyvinyls
26.6 Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Polyacrylates
26.7 Polymeric Electrospun Nanofibers
26.8 Polymeric Core-Shell Nanofibers
26.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27 One-Dimensional Polymeric Nanocomposites for Soft Electronics
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Why 1D Nanomaterials for Soft Electronics?
27.3 Elastic Polymer as a BM for Soft Electronics
27.3.1 Thermosetting Polymers
27.3.2 Thermoplastic Polymers
27.3.3 Hydrogels
27.4 Representative 1D Nanomaterials
27.4.1 CNTs
27.4.2 Metal Nanowires
27.4.2.1 AgNWs
27.4.2.2 CuNWs
27.4.2.3 AuNWs
27.4.2.4 Metal Nanotroughs and Metal Nanofibers
27.4.3 Polymeric Conductive Nanomaterials
27.4.4 Hybrid Structures
27.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index