Oil Palm Biomass for Composite Panels: Fundamentals, Processing, and Applications

Front Cover
Oil Palm Biomass for Composite Panels: Fundamentals, Processing, and Applications
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Part 1 Background to oil palm biomass and wood-based panel products
Chapter 1 Introduction to oil palm biomass
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Is there a biomass industry?
1.3 Overview of oil palm plantation and its biomass
1.4 Types of oil palm biomass
1.5 By-products from oil palm plantations
1.5.1 Oil palm frond
1.5.2 Oil palm trunk
1.6 By-products from oil palm mills
1.6.1 Empty fruit bunch
1.6.1.1 Fruits sterilization process
1.6.1.2 Fruit stripping
1.6.1.3 Fruit digestion
1.6.1.4 Oil extraction
1.6.2 Mesocarp fiber
1.6.3 Palm kernel shell
1.6.3.1 Fiber processing
1.6.4 Palm oil mill effluent (POME)
1.7 Properties of palm oil solid residues
1.8 Oil palm productions
1.9 Palm oil prices
1.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Basic properties of oil palm biomass (OPB)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical and anatomical properties
2.3 Chemical properties
2.4 Mechanical properties
2.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Biological durability and deterioration of oil palm biomass
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physicochemical properties of oil palm biomass
3.3 Biological durability of oil palm biomasses
3.3.1 Oil palm trunk
3.3.2 Oil palm fronds
3.3.3 Empty fruit bunches
3.4 Improvement of biological durability of oil palm biomasses
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Wood-based panel industries
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of wood-based panels
4.2.1 Plywood
4.2.2 Particleboard
4.2.3 Fiberboard
4.2.4 Oriented strand board (OSB)
4.3 Wood-based panels industry market analysis
4.4 Wood-based industry in Malaysia
4.4.1 Wood-processing mills in Malaysia
4.4.2 Trade value of Malaysian major wood products
4.4.2.1 Wooden furniture
4.4.2.2 Sawn timber
4.4.2.3 Plywood
4.4.2.4 Fiberboard
4.5 Way forward
References
Chapter 5 Formaldehyde-based adhesives for oil palm-based panels: Application and properties
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Urea-formaldehyde
5.3 Melamine-urea-formaldehyde
5.4 Phenol-formaldehyde
5.5 Oil palm-based composites
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Nonformaldehyde-based adhesives used for bonding oil palm biomass (OPB)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Resin for wood based industry
6.3 The adhesion theory
6.4 Bonding of oil palm biomass (OPB)
6.4.1 Polyurethane
6.4.2 Epoxy
6.4.3 Isocyanate
6.4.4 Carbohydrate
6.4.5 Binderless
6.4.6 Protein
6.4.7 Olefins
6.4.8 Others
6.5 Conclusion
References
Part 2 Processing and treatment based on oil palm biomass type
Chapter 7 Processing of oil palm trunk and lumber
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Imperfections of oil palm trunks and lumber
7.3 Sawing of oil palm trunk and lumber
7.4 Drying of oil palm trunk and lumber
7.4.1 Air drying
7.4.2 Forced-air drying
7.4.3 Super-fast drying of OPL
7.4.4 Modified super-fast drying method for OPL
7.5 Quality enhancement of oil palm lumber and its products
7.5.1 The five-step processing method of oil palm wood
7.5.2 The six-step processing method
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Rotary veneer processing of oil palm trunk
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Characteristics of oil palm trunk logs
8.2.1 Morphological features
8.2.2 Anatomical structure
8.2.3 Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties
8.2.3.1 Moisture content
8.2.3.2 Density
8.2.3.3 Shrinkage and swelling
8.2.3.4 Chemical properties
8.2.3.5 Mechanical properties
8.3 Rotary OPT veneer processing
8.3.1 Definition of rotary veneer
8.3.2 OPT plywood manufacturing process
8.3.3 Log-end processing
8.3.3.1 Felling and bucking
8.3.3.2 Log storage
8.3.3.3 Cross-cutting (bucking)
8.3.4 Green veneer production
8.3.4.1 Peeling equipment
Lathe machine
Conveyor
Clipper
8.3.4.2 Peeling
Veneer thickness
8.3.4.3 Veneer—Sorting and repairing
8.3.5 Veneer drying
8.3.5.1 General drying principle
8.3.5.2 Drying of OPT veneers
8.3.5.3 Dryer and requirements
8.3.5.4 Predrying and drying
8.3.6 Veneer jointing/composing
8.4 Challenges in rotary processing of OPT
References
Chapter 9 Pretreatment of empty fruit bunch fiber: Its effect as a reinforcing material in composite panels
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The complex nature of EFB fibers
9.2.1 Morphological characteristics
9.2.2 Chemical characteristics
9.2.3 Mechanical characteristics
9.3 Constraints in producing composite panels from untreated EFB fiber
9.4 Types of lignocellulosic fiber pretreatment method
9.4.1 Physical pretreatment
9.4.1.1 Mechanical process
9.4.1.2 Solvent extraction
9.4.1.3 Thermal process
9.4.1.4 Steam explosion
9.4.1.5 Ultrasonication
9.4.1.6 Electron radiation
9.4.2 Chemical pretreatment
9.4.2.1 Alkaline
9.4.2.2 Coupling agent
9.4.2.3 Bleaching
9.4.2.4 Biological pretreatment
9.5 Pretreated EFB fibers for fiber-reinforced composites
9.5.1 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Microstructure, physical, and strength properties of compressed oil palm frond composite boards from Elaeis guin...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Processing of oil palm composite boards
10.3 Physical properties of compressed oil palm fronds (COPF) composite
10.3.1 Measurement of COPF composite density
10.3.2 Investigation of compressed oil palm frond’s (COPF) composite basic density
10.4 COPF composite board strength properties
10.4.1 Static bending strength of COPF composite board
10.4.2 The COPF composite’s compressive strength
10.4.3 ANOVA analysis on strength and physical properties of COPF composite
10.5 Microstructure of COPF composite board
10.5.1 Resin penetration on the COPF composite board from compressed oil palm fronds
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 The processing and treatment of other types of oil palm biomass
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Source and characteristics of POME
11.3 POME treatment methods
11.3.1 Biological treatment
11.3.2 Nonbiological method
11.3.3 Integrated system
11.4 Products from POME treatment
11.4.1 Production of gas
11.4.2 Production of solid
11.5 Waste aerobic granules (WAG)
11.5.1 The action mechanism of aerobic granules used in wastewater treatment
11.5.2 Aerobic granule formation in POME
11.5.3 Waste aerobic granules generation
11.5.4 Application of waste aerobic granules
11.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
11.6.1 Method of production
11.6.2 PHA production through mixed culture
11.6.3 Current direction of generating PHA via mixed culture
11.6.4 PHA accretion using POME
11.6.4.1 Composition of POME
11.6.4.2 PHA-accumulating microorganisms
11.6.4.3 The quantity of PHA
11.7 Generation of biohydrogen by using POME
11.8 PHA and biohydrogen processing issues
11.8.1 PHA from POME
11.8.2 Biohydrogen from POME
11.9 The by-product of oil palm kernel
11.9.1 Activated carbon
11.10 Conclusions
References
Part 3 Composite panel products from oil palm biomass and its applications
Chapter 12 Classification and application of composite panel products from oil palm biomass
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Oil palm biomass for molded particleboard
12.3 Oil palm plywood
12.4 Oil palm biomass for medium-density fiberboard (MDF)
12.5 Oil palm lumber as a substitution for wood timber
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Laminated veneer lumber from oil palm trunk
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Laminated veneer lumber
13.2.1 Raw materials
13.2.2 General process of LVL manufacturing
13.3 Laminated veneer lumber from oil palm trunk
13.4 Properties of laminated veneer lumber from oil palm trunk
13.4.1 Physical and mechanical properties of OPT LVL
13.4.2 Dimensional stability and durability of OPT LVL
13.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Enhancement of manufacturing process and quality for oil palm trunk plywood
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Plywood from oil palm trunk
14.3 Production process of oil palm trunk plywood
14.3.1 OPT at the plantation
14.3.2 Log preparation
14.3.3 Log peeling
14.3.4 Veneer drying
14.3.5 Gluing
14.3.6 Cold-pressing
14.3.7 Hot-pressing
14.3.8 Panel sizing
14.3.9 Panel sanding
14.3.10 Grading and packing
14.4 Enhancement of oil palm plywood manufacturing process
14.4.1 Enhanced process flow of oil palm plywood
14.4.1.1 Green veneer segregator
14.4.1.2 Preheating chamber
14.4.1.3 Mechanized infeed rack for platen dryer
14.4.1.4 Auto infeed and outfeed for hot-press
14.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Oriented strand board from oil palm biomass
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Preparation of OSB panels
15.3 Physical properties
15.3.1 Moisture content
15.3.2 Thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA)
15.3.3 Mechanical properties
15.3.4 Morphological analysis
15.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 Particleboard from oil palm biomass
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Oil palm trunk
16.3 Oil palm frond
16.4 Empty fruit bunch
16.5 Challenges and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17 Fiberboard from oil palm biomass
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fiberboard and its manufacturing process
17.3 Fiberboard from oil palm biomass
17.4 Fiberboard from oil palm frond (OPF)
17.5 Fiberboard from oil palm trunk (OPT)
17.6 Fiberboard from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB)
17.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18 Other types of panels from oil palm biomass
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Laminated-based composites
18.2.1 Laminated-based composites made from OPT
18.2.2 Laminated-based composites made from OPF
18.3 Polymer-based composites
18.3.1 Polymer-based composites made from OPT
18.3.2 Polymer-based composites made from OPF
18.3.3 Polymer-based composites made from EFB
18.4 Cement composites
18.4.1 Properties of cement composites made from OPT
18.4.2 Properties of cement composites made from OPF
18.4.3 Properties of cement composites made from EFB
18.5 Application of other types of panels from oil palm biomass
18.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Part 4 Current policy, environmental factors, and economic prospects for oil palm biomass and composite panels
Chapter 19 Policy and environmental aspects of oil palm biomass
19.1 Policies regarding oil palm
19.2 Sustainable policy—NDPE policy
19.3 Malaysia policy
19.4 A national strategy for the sustainable deployment of this untapped potential
19.5 Issues of oil palm/palm oil at national and international levels
19.5.1 Deforestation
19.5.2 International boycott
19.5.3 Waste generation
19.5.4 Health and safety
19.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 Corporate ownership structure of the major oil palm plantation companies in Malaysia and biomass agenda
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Ownership structure
20.3 Biomass utilization
20.4 Case study on the ownership structure of oil palm corporations
20.5 Findings
20.6 Biomass development progress and challenges
20.7 Conclusions
References
Index
Back Cover