USA, Office of the Secretary of Defense (Acquisition, Technology, & Logistics), Air Warfare (UAV), [email protected], December 2002. - 197 с.This document presents the Department of Defense's (DoD) Roadmap for developing and employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles (UCAVs) over the next 25 years (2002 to 2027). DoD's operational UAV systems include Predator, Hunter, Shadow, and Pioneer which have demonstrated tremendous capability in recent military operations. Developmental systems such as Global Hawk and many small UAV systems have also been put to the test in recent combat and combat support operations. Taken as a whole, this technology area offers profound opportunities to transform the manner in which this country conducts a wide array of military and military support operations. As with any new technology, there is naturally some reluctance to transition to a radically new capability. The need to fully demonstrate UAVs in combat and realistic training environments is critical to the migration of this technology.
The overarching goal of this roadmap, in concert with the Defense Planning Guidance (DPG), is to define clear direction to the Services and Departments for a logical, systematic migration of mission capabilities to a new class of military tools. The goal is to address the most urgent mission needs that are supported both technologically and operationally by various UAV systems. Some missions can be supported by the current state of the art in unmanned technology where the capabilities of current or nearterm DoD assets are sufficient and the risk to DoD members is relative low. Other mission areas, however, are in desperate need of additional capability and present high risk to aircraft crews. These mission areas, highlighted in this roadmap, will receive significant near-term effort by the Department.List of Figures.
List of Tables.
Introduction.
Purpose.
Approach.
Scope.
Definitions Progress since previous Roadmap.
Current UAV Programs.
Operational UAV Systems.
MQ-1 Predator.
RQ-2 Pioneer.
RQ-5 Hunter.
RQ-7 Shadow 200.
Developmental UAV Systems.
RQ-4 Global Hawk.
Broad Area Maritime Surveillance.
RQ-8 Fire Scout.
MQ-9 Predator B.
Dragon Eye.
Force Protection Aerial Surveillance System (FPASS).
Neptune.
Air Force UCAV (X-45).
UCAV-Navy (X-46/X-47).
UCAR.
Dragon Warrior.
Program Summaries.
Other UAV Systems.
Residual UAV Systems.
Concept Exploration UAV Systems.
DARPA UAV Programs.
UAV Financial Data.
UAV Proliferation.
Foreign UAV Development.
Export Policy.
Requirements.
Historically validated UAV Roles.
Combatant Commander Requirements for UAVs.
JROC-Validated Requirements for UAVs.
Technologies.
Platforms.
Propulsion.
Survivability.
Cost Control.
Payloads.
Sensors.
Communication Relay.
Weapons.
Cost Control.
Communication.
Processors.
Operations.
Operational Concepts Development.
Army.
Navy and Marine Corps.
Air Force.
Joint/Other.
Reliability.
Operations and Support.
Cooperative UAV Flight.
Tactical Control System (TCS).
Roadmap.
UAV Capabilities Roadmap.
UAV Missions Roadmap.
Comparative Costs of Manned vs. Unmanned Aircraft.
Development Costs.
Procurement Costs.
Operations & Support Costs.
Goals for Unmanned Aviation.
Platform Goals.
Sensor Goals.
Communication Goals.
Technology Goals.
Small UAV Goals.
Standards Goals.
Airspace Goals.
Task/Process/Post/Use Goals.
Weaponization Goals.
Reliability Goals.
Future Directions.
Appendix.
Platforms.
Sensors.
Communication.
Technology Migration.
Small UAVs.
Standards.
Airspace.
Task, Post, Process, and Use Considerations.
Weapons.
Reliability.
List of Figures.
Timeline of Current and Planned DoD UAV Systems.
Locations of U.S. Military UAVs.
DoD Annual Funding Profile for UAVs.
UAV Manufacturing Countries.
IPL Priorities linked to UAV Missions.
Specific Fuel Consumption Trends.
Mass Specific Power Trends.
Propulsion/Power Technology Forecast.
UAV Capability Metric: Weight v. Cost.
UAV Performance Metric: Endurance v. Cost.
UAV Payload Weight vs. Endurance.
Still Imagery sensor technology forecast.
Motion/Video Imagery Sensor Technology Forecast.
Radar Imager Sensor Technology Forecast.
SIGINT Sensor Technology Forecast.
MASINT Sensor Technology Forecast.
Forecast Sensor Capabilities.
Airborne Communication Technology Forecast.
Autonomous Control Level Trend.
Processor Speed Trend.
Processor Technology Forecast.
shows the calculated values of these four metrics for the Earl and current Versions of the Pioneer, Hunter, and Predator.
UAV Mishap Rate Trends.
DoD UAV mishap causes.
Relative Demand in Actual vs. Simulated Flight Training.
UAV Capabilities Roadmap.
UAV Missions Roadmap.
Performance payoff of a notional combat UAV utilizing Technologies from the JETEC Phase III Goals.
JETEC cost goal in comparison to existing systems.
Engine Effects on Takeoff Gross Weight For a Desired Mission Endurance.
Specific Energy Calculation.
Autonomous capability levels (ACLs).
Supply & Demand.
Military Satellite Communications Future Direction.
Multi-Area Initiatives.
Platform Related: Aerodynamics & Airframes.
Platform Related: Materials.
Platform Related: Propulsion & Power.
Platform Related:Survivability.
IHPTET and VAATE Program Goals and Trends.
Weapons & Targeting.
Payloads & Sensors: General.
Payloads & Sensors: IMINT.
Payloads & Sensors: MASINT.
Payloads & Sensors: SIGINT.
Payloads & Sensors: Communication.
Payloads & Sensors: Yln.n-Function.
Payloads & Sensors: Radar.
Control: General.
Control: Health Management/Mixed Initiative/Planning & Support.
Control: Autonomy.
UAV Wingspan vs. Weight.
Joint FAA/OSD Approach to Regulating UAVs.
US Military UAV Mishap Rates, 1986-2001.
UAVs and Airspace Classes of the National Airspace System.
TPPU-Transforming DCGS to Net-Centricity.
Air Force's DCGS (DCGS-AF).
Army's DCGS (DCGS-A).
Navy's DCGS (ISR NET).
USMC'S DCGS (MAGIS).
DoD DCGS Envisioned Structure in 2015.
"Issues & Drivers".
Weaponized MQ-1B Predator A.
Predator/Predator B, Hunter-Killer CONOPS.
SEAD/EA CONOPS, Cooperative Operation.
UCAV Engagement CONOPS.
EO/IR Targeting Systems.
Radar.
Processors.
UCAV Apertures.
U.S. Military UAV Mishap Rates (Lifetime), 1986 - 2002.
Average Sources of System Failures for U.S. Military UAV Fleet (based on 97,000 hours).
Average Sources of System Failures for IAI UAV Fleet (based on 100,000 hours).
List of Tables.
Summary History of Recent UAV Programs.
FY04 Presidential Budget for UAV Programs.
Classes of Worldwide Military Reconnaissance UAVs.
MTCR Member Interest in UAVs.
Historically Validated UAV Roles.
UAV Mission Areas.
Combatant Commander/Service UAV Mission Prioritization Matrix 2003.
UAV System and Aircraft Costs and Weights.
Reliability Metrics for UAVs.
Operational Metrics.
Manned vs. unmanned Aircraft Development Costs.
Current Documented Space and Airborne Systems and Their Data Rate Requirements.
The total MILSATCOM (2010) data rate capability for beyond line of sight communications from which UAVs would compete.
Applicable NATO STANAGs.
Alignment of UAV Categories with FAA Regulations.
Summary of UAV Reliability Findings.
Summary of UAV Failure Mode Findings.
Technology to Enhance UAV Reliability.
