Odour in Textiles: Generation and Control

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Textile Institute Professional Publications
References
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1. The Consumer Perception of Odour
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Olfaction: The Sense of Smell
1.3 History of the Sense of Smell
1.4 Perception of Odour
1.5 Scents Enhancing Marketing
1.6 The Meaning of Clean Clothes
1.7 Summary
References
2. Human Odor: An Overview of Current Knowledge and Experimental Designs
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physiological Assessment
2.2.1 Human Skin Structure
2.2.2 Glandular Activity
2.3 A Microbiological Context
2.4 Genetic Sources
2.5 Human Odor - A Volatolomic Perspective
2.5.1 Sampling Preconcentration and Extraction Techniques
2.5.2 Analytical Detection
2.6 Conclusions
References
3. Sources and Characterization Approaches of Odour and Odour-Causing Bodily Compounds in Worn Clothing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Odour-Causing Bodily Compounds
3.3 Odour Detection and Characterization
3.3.1 Olfactometry - Sensory Methods
3.3.1.1 Sensory Odour Measurement in Textile Research
3.3.2 Physicochemical and Instrumental Methods
3.3.2.1 Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
3.3.2.2 Chemical Sensors - Electronic Noses
3.3.2.3 Indirect Methods Targeting Odour-Causing Compounds
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Axillary Odour Formation and Retention: The Role of Textiles Fibers and Fabric Structure
4.1 Introduction to Axilla Odour
4.2 Bacteria and Odour Formation
4.3 Role of Textile Fibers in Odour Formation
4.4 Role of Textile Structures in Odour Formation
4.5 Summary and Future Scope
References
5. Textile Odour Control by Adsorption
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Adsorption
5.3 Adsorbents for Textile Odour Control
5.3.1 Activated Carbons
5.3.2 Cyclodextrins
5.3.3 Other Adsorbents for Body Odour Control
5.4 Conclusion
References
6. Odour Control or Inhibition Using Antimicrobial Finishing
6.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
6.1.1 The Skin Microbiome
6.1.2 Odour Formation in Textiles
6.2 Antimicrobial Agents in the Textile Industry
6.2.1 Synthetic Antibacterial Finishes and Nanoparticles
6.2.1.1 Metals and Metallic Salts
6.2.1.1.1 Silver
6.2.1.1.2 Copper
6.2.1.1.3 Zinc
6.2.1.1.4 Others
6.2.1.2 Triclosan
6.2.1.3 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs)
6.2.2 Alternative Antimicrobials in the Textiles Industry
6.2.2.1 Environmental and Toxicity Concerns
6.2.2.2 New Directions
6.2.3 Natural Antibacterial Finishes
6.2.3.1 Bamboo
6.2.3.2 Chitosan
6.2.3.3 Essential Oils Nanoparticles
6.2.3.4 Hydrogen Peroxide
6.3 Emerging Technologies
6.3.1 Microencapsulation
6.3.2 Incorporating Beneficial Bacteria in Textiles
6.3.2.1 Microbiome-Smart Clothing
6.3.2.2 Bio-Inspired Nanostructures
6.3.2.3 Graphene
6.4 Conclusions
References
7. Herbal Antibacterial Agents as Odour Control Finish in Textiles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthetic Antibacterial Agents and Odour Control Ability
7.3 Natural Antibacterial Agents in Odour Control
7.3.1 Terminalia Chebula extracts and Odour Control
7.3.2 Effect of Herbal Antibacterial Treatment on Different Textile Fibers
7.3.3 Effect of Fabric Structure and Antibacterial Treatment
7.3.4 Objective Measurement of Odour Reduction - GC-MS Analysis
7.3.4.1 GC-MS Spectra of Cotton Fabric Worn Next to the Axilla
7.3.4.2 GC-MS Spectra of Terminalia Chebula Finished Cotton Fabric Worn Next to the Axilla
7.3.4 Summary
References
8. Fragrance Finishing on Textile Substrate for Odour Control
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Malodour Causing Sources
8.3 Mechanism of Odour Control from the Fabric
8.4 Fragrance Oil for Finishing on the Fabric
8.5 Methods of Manufacturing Malodour Controlling Textile Substrate
8.5.1 Surface Treatment of Odourant on the Fabric
8.5.2 Adsorption of the Odourants on the Fabric
8.5.3 Encapsulation of Odourant on the Fabric
8.5.3.1 Spray Drying of Odourant on the Fabric
8.5.3.2 Coacervation
8.5.3.3 In-situ Polymerization
8.5.3.4 Interfacial Polymerization
8.5.3.5 Ionotropic Gelation Technique
8.5.3.6 Microcapsules/Nanocapsules
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Textile and Other Odours: A Focus on Third-hand Smoke and Laundry Odour
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Tobacco/Cigarette Smoke and Textiles
9.3 THS and Fabric Interaction Mechanism
9.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Cigarette Smoke
9.5 Human Exposure of THS from Textiles
9.6 Control of THS exposure
9.7 Laundry Odour and Textiles
9.8 Washing Machines on Laundry Malodour
9.9 Laundry Odour from Drying/Environment
9.10 Other Odours in Textiles
9.10.1 Food Odour
9.10.2 Fish Odour
9.10.3 Vegetable Odour
9.10.4 Pet Odour
9.11 Summary
References
10. Textile Cleaning and Odour Removal
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Soils and Odours
10.3 Cleaning Factors
10.3.1 Water
10.3.2 Temperature
10.3.3 Mechanical Agitation
10.3.4 Time
10.3.5 Chemistry - Detergents
10.4 Maintenance Methods
10.4.1 Washing with a Machine
10.4.2 Washing by Hand
10.4.3 Dry-Cleaning
10.4.4 Airing and Other Methods Without the Use of Solvents
10.4.5 Drying Methods
10.5 Washing of Textiles in Different Fibres
10.5.1 Natural Fibres of Vegetable Origin
10.5.2 Wool, Hair, and Fur Fibres
10.5.3 Silk
10.5.4 Regenerated Cellulose Fibres
10.5.5 Synthetic Fibres
10.5.6 Leather, Skin and Fur
10.6 Impacts of Laundry Odour on the Environment and Consumer Behaviour
10.7 Conclusions
References
11. Odour Evaluation Techniques in Textiles Area: Introduction of E-nose as a Potential Alternative Tool
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Odour Definition
11.1.2 Chemical Structures of Aroma Compounds
11.1.3 Odour Types in Textile Materials
11.2 Measuring Methods
11.2.1 Analytical Method
11.2.1.1 Sensory Panel Analysis as a Qualitative Method (Human Nose)
11.2.2 Analysing Tool for Odour Identification/Release Assessment of Aroma and Volatile Compounds
11.2.2.1 Gas Chromatography Coupled with Different Detectors
11.2.2.2 Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry
11.2.2.3 Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction
11.2.2.4 Other Instrumental Techniques
11.3 Innovations in Odour Assessment in Textiles
11.3.1 Electronic Nose as a Quantitative Odour Assessment
11.4 Conclusion
References
12. Odour Testing Methods and Regulatory Norms
12.1 Introduction: The Purpose of Odour Testing in Textiles
12.2 Sensory Testing Parameters and Testing Methods
12.2.1 Testing Method for Detectability
12.2.1.1 Measurement of Odour Concentration Using Olfactometry
12.2.2 Test Methods for Intensity
12.2.3 Test Methods for Odour Quality (Descriptive)
12.2.4 Test Methods for Hedonic Tone
12.2.5 Test Methods for Annoyance Potential
12.3 Sample Preparation
12.3.1 Odorant Sample Collection on a Textile
12.3.1.1 Evaluation of the Odour Reduction Efficiency of a Textile
12.3.1.2 In-vivo or In-wear Tests
12.3.1.3 In-vitro Malodour Exposure Tests
12.3.1.4 Standardised Laundry Tests
12.3.2 Collecting the Textile Sample
12.3.3 Obtaining a Sample of the Inherent Odorant Gas Emitted by a Textile
12.3.3.1 Evaluation by Direct Smelling
12.3.3.2 Obtaining a Standardised Static Headspace Sample of Odorant Gas
12.3.3.3 Dynamic Headspace Extraction of Odorant Gas
12.4 Sample Presentation
12.4.1 Direct Sniffing
12.4.2 Direct Sniffing Under Standardised Conditions
12.4.3 Dynamic Olfactometer
12.5 Molecular Odorant Analysis Using GC-MS and GC-O
12.5.1 Expressing Odour Stimulus Relevance of Odorants as Odour Activity Value (OAV)
12.6 Case Studies
12.6.1 Case Study 1: Odour Reduction Efficacy of Textile Treated with Odour Control Technology
12.6.2 Case Study 2: Molecular Determination of Compounds Responsible for Malodours in Fabric Samples by TD-GC-Sniffing-ToFMS
12.6.3 Case Study 3: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Steamer to Reduce Odours on Textile
12.6.3.1 Results
12.6.4 Case Study 4: Odour Test for Textile Floorcoverings
12.7 Summary
References
Index