Ocean Literacy: Understanding the Ocean

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Abbreviations
General on Ocean Literacy
Ocean Literacy: Background, Future Drivers, and Opportunities
The Ocean as the Planet’s Life Support System
A Need to Understand
A Need to Observe
A Need to Protect
A Need to Explain and Involve
References
Ocean Literacy: From a Ripple to a Wave
Introduction
A Brief History of Ocean Literacy
Ocean Literacy Definition and the Essential Principles
Significant Developments in Ocean Literacy
Ocean Literacy and Related Disciplines
Science
Geography
UNESCO’s Education for Sustainable Development
Challenges
Challenges of Communication
Cultural Relevance and Responsiveness Around a Global Ocean
Challenges in Evaluation and Education Research
Inherent Differences in Formal and Informal/Nonformal Education
Lack of Consistent and Sufficient Funding
Limitations
Opportunities
Holistic View of Ocean Literacy
Unifying the Global Ocean Literacy Network
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
A Framework for the Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ocean Literacy Initiatives
Introduction
Defining Ocean Literacy
Understanding the Importance of Systems
Why Measure Ocean Literacy?
The ResponSEAble Project
Our Methodology for the Application of the Behaviour Change Model
Adapting the ELL to Include Predictors of Behaviour
Assessment of Effectiveness Within Stages of the PRECEDE–PROCEED Model
The ResponSEAble Assessment Framework
Description of Software System
Applying Existing Assessment Methods to the Framework for ResponSEAble
Initial Experiences—Case Study: Developing Assessment of Effectiveness of Education for Professionals’ Courses, ‘sustainable Seafaring’
Initial Results of Pilot Study
Opportunities and Limitations Identified in the Pilot Study
Conclusions
References
Exploring and Exploiting Deep Ocean Space
Introduction
Exploration
The Ocean in 2D
Jules Verne, a Great Storyteller
The Ocean in 3D and 4D
Transition to Global Monitoring
Century of Ocean Exploration
Exploitation
Legal Framework
Fisheries
Bioprospecting
Deep-Sea Mining
Knowing the Future
References
Ocean Literacy—In the Context of Naming of Seas: Case Study: The Sea Between Korea and Japan
Introduction
Sea Names and Ocean Literacy
The Naming of Seas and Conflicts
Organization of This Book Chapter
The Name “East Sea”
Origins of the Naming Dispute
Raising the Naming Dispute to International Organizations
The Decision of the Korean Agencies Regarding the International Name
The Name “Donghae” (East Sea)—A Tradition of 2000 Years
The Name “Sea of Japan”
Old Western Maps
Determination of the Name “Sea of Japan” by the IHO
The Name “Sea of Japan”—An Expression of Japanese Imperialism?
Korea’s Proposal: Double Naming Before an Arrangement with Japan
Conclusion
References
Education
Design-Based Implementation Research for Exploring the Ocean: A Geographical Perspective
Introduction
Curriculum Framework for Ocean Literacy
A Curricular Review
Ocean as a Trans-Disciplinary Curricular Content
Geographical Concepts and Geoabilities Linked to Ocean Literacy
Educational Proposal from Design-Based Implementation Research
Methodological Approach and Resources
Education Initiatives for Ocean Literacy
Conclusion
References
Innovative Education Strategies to Advance Ocean Literacy
Introduction
Innovative Approaches to Science Outreach and Education
Sea Change Case Study
Gaming Design Initiative
Educational e-Book Design Initiative
Conclusion
References
Sail Training Has Set Sail on a Course Towards Ocean Literacy
Introduction: Blue Outdoor Education—Sail Training’s Relationship with Ocean Literacy
Sail Training as an Alternative Education Space: Learning Through Experience at Sea
Creating Ocean Literate Citizens Through Experiencing the Marine Environment
Linking Sail Training to Ocean Literacy Framework
An Analysis of Ocean Literacy Activities in the Tall Ships America Fleet
Number of Vessels in the Tall Ships America Fleet Audited
Number of Vessels Audited that Provide Ocean Literacy Principles Education
Number of Vessels Facilitating Ocean Literacy Principles Education Per School Grade/Age Group
Shaping Maritime Alternative Education to Be Ocean Literate Through Supporting Sustainability
An Overview of the UN Sustainable Development Goals
Understanding the Purpose of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
Linking Sail Training to SDG 14
Conclusion
References
Applications
The Importance of Ocean Literacy in the Mediterranean Region—Steps Towards Blue Sustainability
Introduction
Anthropogenic Pressures Affecting the Mediterranean Sea and Its Resources
Coastal Urbanization
Tourism in the Mediterranean
Overfishing and Marine Aquaculture
Pollution
Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
Biodiversity Loss: A Major Consequence of Pressures
Pressures and Ocean Literacy
Legal Framework for the Protection and Sustainability of the Mediterranean Sea
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Marine Protected Areas
Environmental Education
How Ocean Literate Are the People of Mediterranean Countries?
Ocean Literacy in the National School Curricula of Mediterranean Countries
Ocean-Related Educational Projects and Networks in the Mediterranean
Conclusion
References
Fostering Ocean-Literate Generations: The Portuguese Blue School
Introduction
Sailing Through the History of Ocean Literacy in Portugal
Blue School
First Seeds
What Is a Blue School?
How to Become a Blue School
Blue School Data and Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Two Ocean Aquarium Academy: An Introduction to Ocean Literacy Programmes and a Marine Sciences Curriculum
Introduction
Background to the Two Oceans Aquarium Education Efforts
Aquarium Teacher Experience
Increased Quality of School Group Visitor Experience
Wet Laboratories
School Group Activities
Courses
Course Assessment
The Marine Sciences Academy Courses
Marine Sciences Curriculum
Objectives for Teaching Marine Sciences as a Subject
Conclusion
References
Index