Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Introduction
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Nutrition, the Mediterranean Diet and Selected Supplements for the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease
Introduction
Revolutionizing the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease and Interrupting the Finite Pathways
Atherosclerosis, Endothelial Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness
Nutrition and CHD
Specific Diets and Coronary Heart Disease
Mediterranean Diet (TMD: Traditional Mediterranean Diet) (PREDIMED Diet)
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diets (DASH 1 and 2)
Dietary Fats
Omega 3 Fatty Acids (PUFA)
Monounsaturated Fats
Saturated Fatty Acids
Conclusions and Summary on SFA [14,28,31–56]
Trans Fatty Acids
Coconut Oil
Milk, Milk Products and Peptides
Whey Protein
Eggs
Refined Carbohydrates, Sugars and Sugar Substitutes
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
Protein
Vegetarian Diets and Plant-Based Nutrition
Animal Protein Diets
Soy Protein
Fish
Dietary Acid Load and Protein
Specific Dietary and Nutritional Components and Caloric Restriction
Caffeine
Caloric Restriction
Alcohol
Gluten
Nuts
Dietary Sodium, Potassium and Magnesium
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Coronary Artery Disease: The Impact of the Mediterranean Cuisine, Targeted Nutritional Supplements and Their Relationship to Autophagy/mTOR
Takeaways and Key Concepts
What Is So Powerful about Polyphenols?
Cocoa and Dark Chocolate
Extra Virgin Olive Oil – The King of Polyphenols
How Do You Know Your Olive Is Premium?
How to Select Your Olive Oil
The Nutritional Benefits of Artichokes
Artichoke Health Benefits
Lycopene – The Carotenoid of Tomatoes
Tomato Nutrition
Nattokinase and Lumbrokinase
Astaxanthin – My Discovery in Japan
Omega-3s
NMN/Autography/mTOR
The Body Heals Itself
mTOR
References
Chapter 3 Naturopathic Medicine and the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Introduction
Vegetarian, Paleolithic, and Mediterranean Diets – Food as Medicine
The Standard Western Diet and Refined Sugar
Wheat (gluten), Blood Sugar, and Inflammation
Know Thy Food Source
Understanding Atherosclerosis
The Vascular Lining– A Key Target for Nutritional Therapies
The Role of Nutrition and Endothelial Function
Berberine
Garlic
Pantethine
Bergamot
The Naturopathic Approach to Treating Hypertension
Diet, Lifestyle, and Hypertension
Special Foods to Lower Blood Pressure
The DASH Diet
Fluids, Salt, and Hypertension
Exercise and Hypertension
Stress, Breathing, and Hypertension
Targeted Nutritional Supplements, Botanical Medicines, and Acupuncture and Hypertension
Fasting and Hypertension
Grounding and Hypertension
Monitor Your Blood Pressure
Concise Recommendations for High Blood Pressure
The Importance of Detoxification in Supporting the Cardiovascular System
The Effects of Environmental Toxins on Blood Pressure and the Cardiovascular System
Introduction
Reducing Toxic Exposure with Simple and Easy Interventions
Sauna Therapy
High-Fiber, Phytonutrient-Rich, Organic Fruits and Vegetables
Liver and Gastrointestinal Supportive Foods and Botanical Medicines
Skin Brushing
Contrast Hydrotherapy
Therapeutic Fasting
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
Summary
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Marine-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Sources of Marine Omega-3 Ingredients
Delivery Forms for Supplementation
The Epidemiology of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and CVD
Omega-3 Index and CVD Risk
CVD Intervention Studies Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids
REDUCE-IT (2018)
VITAL (2018)
ASCEND (2018)
STRENGTH (2020)
Cardiometabolic Mechanisms and Biomarkers Related to EPA and/or DHA
LDL, HDL and Non-HDL Cholesterol
Inflammatory Biomarkers and Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators
Bioavailability of n-3 Supplements
Ethyl Esters vs Triglycerides
Krill Oil vs Fish Oil
Astaxanthin from Krill
Additional Considerations on Marine Omega-3 Sourcing
Allergies to Fish and Shellfish Related to Omega-3 Products
Quality Control Issues of Fish Oil and Related Products
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Chapter 5 Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements in the Management of Dyslipidemia and Dyslipidemia-Induced Cardiovascular Disease
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Overview
Nutrition
Framingham Heart Study and Seven Countries Study
Pritikin Diet
Ornish Diet
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) Diet
OmniHeart Trial
Portfolio Diet
Mediterranean Diets
Lyon Diet Heart Study
Indian Heart Study
Nutrigenomics
The FUNGENUT Study
The GEMINAL Study
The PREDIMED Study
Nutritional Conclusions and Recommendations
Specific Foods, Nutrients, and Dietary Supplements
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Flax
Monounsaturated Fats (MUFA)
Garlic
Green Tea
Orange Juice
Pomegranate Juice and Seeds
Sesame
Soy
Nutrients and Dietary Supplements
Citrus Bergamot
Curcumin
Guggulipids
Lycopene
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pantethine
Plant Sterols (Phytosterols)
Policosanol
Tocotrienols
Red Yeast Rice
Resveratrol
Vitamin C
Berberine
Combination Therapies
Future Perspectives
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 The Role of Nitric Oxide Supplements and Foods in Cardiovascular Disease
Introduction
Loss of Nitric Oxide Production Is Responsible for CVD
Diet and Lifestyle Habits That Disrupt NO Production
Standard American Diet
Use of Mouthwash and Antibiotics
Antacids Inhibit NO Production
Certain Food Patterns Increase NO Production
Resveratrol
Curcumin
Nitric Oxide Supplements
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 The Treatment of Hypertension with Nutrition, Nutritional Supplements, Lifestyle and Pharmacologic Therapies
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
The Three Finite Vascular Responses and Cardiovascular Disease (Figures 7.1 and 7.2)
Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Vascular Immune Dysfunction
The Balance of Hypertension
Treatment of Hypertension with Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Sodium (Na[sup(+)])
Potassium
Magnesium (Mg[sup(++)])
Calcium (Ca[sup(++)])
Zinc (Zn[sup(++)])
Protein
L-Arginine
Taurine
Omega-3 Fats and Selected Omega-6 Fats
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA): Olive Oil, Mediterranean Diet, Omega-9 Fats, Oleic Acid and Olive Leaf Extract
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Vitamin D
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Flavonoids: Resveratrol and Pomegranate
Lycopene
Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)
Alpha Lipoic Acid
Pycnogenol
Garlic
Seaweed
Cocoa: Dark Chocolate
Melatonin
Grape Seed Extract
Dietary Nitrates and Nitrites: Beetroot Juice and Extract
Teas
L-Carnitine and Acetyl–L-Carnitine
Fiber
Sesame
Hesperidin
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
Hawthorn
Quercetin
Probiotics
Drug Therapy for Hypertension
Clinical Considerations
Summary
References
Chapter 8 Metabolic Cardiology: Management of Congestive Heart Failure
Takeaways and Key Concepts
The Secrets of the Cell
Energy Starvation in the Failing Heart
Energy Nutrients for Congestive Heart Failure
D-Ribose (Ribose)
Coenzyme Q10 and the Heart
CoQ10– Inflammatory Coronary Heart Disease/Diabetes
Coenzyme Q10 Varietals– Ubiquinone, Ubiquinol and MitoQ
Levocarnitine (L-Carnitine or Carnitine)
Magnesium– Switching on the Energy Enzymes
Taurine
Summary
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Case: 60-Year-Old Female with Nausea and Vomiting
Sex Differences
Gender Differences
Racial Disparities
Defining the Problem in Women
Diastolic Dysfunction
Hypertension
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Peripheral Artery Disease
Summary
References
Chapter 10 Hormones and Cardiovascular Disease
CVD in Women
Estradiol and CVD
Low Estradiol and CVD
Hormones and Metabolism
Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy
How Does Hormone Therapy Affect Risk of CVD?
Critical Window or “Timing” Hypothesis
Is Hormone Therapy Good for Every Woman?
Methods of Hormone Therapy
Summary: Women and CVD
CVD in Men
Low Testosterone and CVD
What Causes Low T and How Prevalent Is It?
What About Treating Low T with Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT)?
Role of DHEA
Is TRT Good for Every Man with Low T?
How to Treat
Methods of TRT
Non-Pharmaceutical Approaches
Exercise
Natural Supplements
Summary: Men and CVD
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 The Heartbreak of Wheat-Related Disorders: Wheat, Gluten and Cardiovascular Disease
Frequency of a Wheat-Related Disorder
The Immune Response to Wheat
Causes of Wheats’ Immunogenicity
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 12 The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease
Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease as It Relates to the Gut Microbiome
Metabolic Endotoxemia and Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension and the Gut Microbiome
Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Specific Microbial Species and Microbiota Composition Associated with Cardiovascular Health Risks
The Effects of Certain Dietary Components on the Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease
Clinical Presentation of Cardiovascular Disease Driven by Gut Microbiology
Prevention and Treatment Strategies
Summary
Future Challenges
References
Chapter 13 Environmental Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease
Introduction
Lead
Sources
Primary Measure
Primary Intervention
Air Pollution
Sources
Primary Measure
Primary Intervention
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Sources
Primary Measure
Primary Intervention
Bisphenols
Sources
Primary Measure
Primary Intervention
Systemic Approaches
GGTP (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase)
Sauna
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Introduction
Periodontal Disease, Caries, Periapical Infections, Inflammatory Infiltrates and the Inflammatory Cascade
What Is Periodontal Disease and What Causes It?
The Guilty Bugs: Oral Biofilm in Periodontal Disease, Caries and Periapical Disease – Effects on Cardiovascular Disease
What We Know about the Systemic Connection
The Dynamic Duo: How Does Blood Glucose Control and Diabetes Impact Periodontal and Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerosis as an Inflammatory Process
Diagnosing Periodontal Disease
Periodontal Disease: Treatment and Maintenance
Host Modulation
How Can We Better Manage Oral Biofilms?
Host Modulation Using Nutrition
Biofilm Elimination over the Long Term
Collaboration between the Physician and Dentist
Collaborative Inflammation and Biofilm Treatment: Dentistry and Medicine
References
Chapter 15 COVID-19: An Evidence-Based Integrative Approach to Disease Management
What Is COVID-19 (Virology)?
What Are COVID-19 Variants?
Pathophysiology of COVID-19
Why Is the Endothelium a Prime Target Organ in COVID-19?
How Is COVID-19 Transmitted?
How Is Testing Impacted by Viral Replication and Immune Responses?
Incubation Periods and Impact on PCR Testing Strategies
Period of Infectivity
Serology and B-Cell Immunity
T-Cell Responses to COVID-19
Antigen Tests and Limitations
Tests to Define Prognosis and Status
PULS Cardiac Test
D-Dimer
Other Tests Useful in COVID-19
How to Apply an Integrative Approach to Preventing and Caring for COVID-19 Patients
Strategies to Boost Immunity
Summary
References
Chapter 16 Lymphstasis, Inflammation and Atherogenesis – Connecting the Dots
Inflammation and Covid
Lymph and Chronic Inflammation
Lifestyle Plus Epigenetics
References
Chapter 17 Vitamin G. Grounding as Energetic Nutrition and Its Role in Oxidative Defense and Cardiovascular Disease
Blood Pressure Considerations
Grounding and the Immune System
Grounding and Energy
Summary
References
Chapter 18 The Role of Botanicals in Cardiovascular Health
Introduction
Cardiovascular Tonics
Khella Dried Ripe Fruit and Seed (Ammi visnaga L.)
Arjuna Tree Bark (Terminaliaarjuna Roxb. ex DC.)
Hawthorn Berry, Flower, and Leaf (Crataegus spp.)
Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Grape Seed (Vitis vinifera L.)
Anti-Hypertensives
Hibiscus Calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)
Nervine Relaxants
Lemon Balm Leaf (Melissa Officinalis L.)
Motherwort Herb (Leonurus cardiaca L.)
Vascular Tonics
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.)
Pycnogenol
Quality of Botanical Products
Summary
References
Chapter 19 Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Spirituality in Cardiovascular Disease
Depression
Anxiety
Overlap between Anxiety and Depression
Defining Anxiety
Stress
Stressors
Pathophysiology
Biological Mechanisms
Inflammation
Platelet Activation
Autonomic Dysfunction
HPA Axis Dysfunction
Endothelial Dysfunction
Cardiovascular Reactivity
Acute Emotional Effects
Behavioral Mechanisms
Prevention and Screening
Conventional Treatment
Integrative Treatment
Diet
Gut Health
Nutritional Supplements
Herbal Therapies
Herbal Anxiolytics
Herbal Adaptogens
Light Therapy
Mind-Body Techniques
Heart Rate Variability
Breathing
Meditation
Lifestyle
Exercise
Yoga
Social Support and Compliance
Spirituality
Summary
Challenges
Take Away Messages
References
Index