Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology

Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1: The Role of Nutrition Therapy in Health Care
Chapter 1: Role of the Registered Dietitian Nutritionist in the Health Care System
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Registered Dietitian Nutritionist in Clinical Practice
The Role of the Registered Dietitian Nutritionist
Scope of Practice
The Clinical Nutrition Team
1.3 Other Health Professionals—Interdisciplinary
Teams
1.4 Health Care Services and Reimbursement for Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)
1.5 Developing Clinical Skills and Professional Performance
Specific Knowledge Base
Experience
Medical Problem Solving
Evidence-Based Dietetics Practice (EBP
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Diagnostic Reasoning
Attitudes
Standards
Levels of Clinical Practice
1.6 Conclusion
Part 2: The Nutrition Care Process
Chapter 2: Overview: The Nutrition Care Process
2.1 Improving Health and Nutritional Status through Nutrition Care
Health Status
Nutritional Status
2.2 Purpose of Providing Nutrition Care
2.3 The AND’s Standardized NCP
Standardized Nutrition Language
Use of the NCP to Improve Quality of Care
Critical Thinking
2.4 Big Picture of Nutrition Care: The Model
Central Core
Two Outer Rings
Supportive Systems: Screening and Referral System and Outcomes Management System
2.5 Steps of the NCP
Step 1: Nutrition Assessment
Obtain and Verify Appropriate Data
Cluster and Organize Assessment Data
Evaluate the Data Using Reliable Standards
Step 2: Nutrition Diagnosis
PES Statements
Criteria for Evaluating PES Statements
Relationship of Nutrition Diagnosis to the Other Steps of
the NCP
Step 3: Nutrition Intervention
Prioritize the Nutrition Diagnoses
Write the Nutrition Prescription
Set Goals
Select the Nutrition Intervention
Implement the Nutrition Intervention
Step 4: Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitor Progress
Measure Outcomes
Evaluate Outcomes
2.6 Documentation
2.7 Conclusion
Chapter 3: Nutrition Assessment: Foundation of the Nutrition Care Process
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nutritional Status
3.3 An Overview: Nutrition Assessment
and
Screening
Subjective and Objective Data
Subjective Data Collection
Client History
Information Regarding Education, Learning, and Motivation
Tools for Data Collection
3.4 Food- and Nutrition-Related History
Nutrition Care Indicator: Twenty-Four-Hour Recall
Nutrition Care Indicator: Food Record/Food Diary
Nutrition Care Indicator: Food Frequency
Nutrition Care Indicator: Observation of Food lntake/“Calorie Count
3.5 Evaluation and Interpretation of Dietary Analysis Information
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using the U.S. Dietary Guidelines
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using the USDA MyPlate Tools
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using Choose Your Foods: Food Lists for Diabetes/ Weight Management
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using Individual Nutrient Analysis
Web-based Dietary Analysis
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using Dietary Reference Intakes and Daily Values
3.6 Anthropometric/Body Composition Measurements
Anthropometrics
Nutrition Care Indicator: Height/Stature/Length
Nutrition Care Indicator: Weight
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation of Height and Weight in Infants and Children
Growth Charts
Body Mass Index
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation of Height and Weight in Adults
Usual Body Weight
Percent Usual Body Weight and Percent Weight Change
Reference Weights
Body Mass Index
Waist Circumference
Body Composition
Nutrition Care Indicator: Skinfold Measurements
Nutrition Care Criteria: Interpretation and Evaluation of Skinfold Measurements
Nutrition Care Indicator: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
Nutrition Care Criteria: Interpretation and Evaluation of BIA Measurements
Nutrition Care Indicator: Hydrostatic (Underwater) Weighing
Nutrition Care Indicator: Dual Energy X-Ray
Absorptiometry
Nutrition Care Indicator: Ultrasound
Nutrition Care Indicator: Air Displacement
Plethysmography
3.7 Biochemical Assessment and Medical Tests and Procedures
Protein Assessment
Somatic Protein Assessment
Visceral Protein Assessment
Immunocompetence Assessment
Nutrition Care Indicator: Total Lymphocyte Count (TLC)
Nutrition Care Indicators for Hematological Assessment
Hemoglobin (Hgb
Hematocrit (Hct
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC
Ferritin
Transferrin Saturation
Protoporphyrin
Serum Folate
Serum B12
Vitamin and Mineral Assessment
Other Labs with Clinical Significance
3.8 Nutrition Care Criteria: Nutrition-Focused Physical Findings
3.9 Nutrition Care Criteria: Functional Assessment
3.10 Nutrition Care Criteria: Energy and Protein Requirements
Measurement of Energy Requirements
Estimation of Energy Requirements
Energy Requirements Based on DRI
Activity Factor
Stress Factors
Measurement of Protein Requirements
Estimation of Protein Requirements
RDA for Protein
Protein Requirements in Metabolic Stress, Trauma, and Disease
3.11 Interpretation of Assessment Data: Nutrition Diagnosis
3.12 Conclusion
Chapter 4: Nutrition Intervention, Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nutrition Prescriptions
4.3 Food and/or Nutrient Delivery (Oral Diets)
Modification of Meals and Snacks
Supplements
Medical Food Supplements
Modified Beverages and Foods
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
Bioactive Substance Management
Feeding Assistance and Feeding Environment
Nutrition-Related Medication Management
4.4 Nutrition Education
4.5 Nutrition Counseling
Counseling Skills
Theoretical Basis/Approach for Nutrition Counseling
Counseling Strategies
4.6 Coordination of Nutrition Care
4.7 Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
4.8 Conclusion
Chapter 5: Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support
5.1 Introduction: Planning and Implementation of Nutrition Interventions with Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support
5.2 Enteral Nutrition
Indications
GI Access
Formulas
Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Vitamins/Minerals
Fluid and Nutrient Density
Regulation of Enteral Formula Manufacture
Cost
Feeding Initiation and Advancement
Feeding Delivery Methods
Equipment
Nutrition Assessment and Intervention: Determination of the EN Prescription
Monitoring and Evaluation: Complications
Tube-Related Complications
GI Complications
Aspiration
Dehydration
Electrolyte Imbalances
Underfeeding or Overfeeding
Hyperglycemia
Refeeding Syndrome
5.3 Parenteral Nutrition
Indications
Venous Access Devices
Short-Term VADs
Long-Term VAD
Solutions
PN Substrates
Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Electrolytes
Vitamins and Minerals
Medications
Nutrition Assessment and Intervention: Determination of the PN Prescription
Administration
Monitoring and Evaluation: Complications
5.4 Special Considerations
Transitional Feedings
Home PN
5.5 Initiation of Home PN
Monitoring Home PN
PN Product Shortages
Clinical Ethics
5.6 Conclusion
Chapter 6: Nutrition Informatics and Documentation of the Nutrition Care Process
6.1 Introduction
Brief History of Nutrition Informatics
ANDHII
Electronic Clinical Quality Measure—Electronic Clinical Quality Measure
Standardized Terminology
6.2 Charting: Documentation of the NCP
Standardized Language and Medical Abbreviations
Problem-Oriented Medical Records
Organization of Nutrition Documentation
SOAP
Problem, Etiology, Signs/Symptoms Statements (PES)
Assessment, Diagnosis, Intervention, and Monitoring and Evaluation (ADIME)
IER Notes
FOCUS Notes
PIE Notes
Charting by Exception (CBE
Keeping a Personal Medical Notebook
Guidelines for All Charting
Confidentiality
6.3 Beyond Charting: An Overview of Writing in the Profession
The Functions, Contexts, Parts, and Processes of Writing
Rhetorical Norms
Levels of Discourse
Steps in the Writing Process
Reporting Your Own Research
6.4 Conclusion: Your Ethos—Establishing Expertise
Part 3: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Chapter 7: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of Fluids and Electrolytes
Total Body Water
Fluid Compartments
Movement of Fluid between Blood and Interstitial Spaces
Movement between Extracellular Fluid and Intracellular Fluid
Total Body Water Balance
Fluid Intake
Fluid Output
Fluid Requirements
7.3 Body Solutes
Types of Solutes
Distribution of Electrolytes
Movement of Solutes
Electrolyte Requirements
7.4 Physiological Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes
Thirst Mechanism
Renal Function
Hormonal Influence: Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and Arginine Vasopressin
Electrolyte Regulation
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium and Phosphorus
7.5 Disorders of Fluid Balance
Alterations in Volume
Hypovolemia
Hypervolemia
Alterations in Osmolality
Sodium Imbalances
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Potassium Imbalances
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Chloride and Acetate
Calcium Imbalances
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Phosphorus Imbalances
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Magnesium Imbalances
Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia
7.6 Conclusion
Chapter 8: Acid–Base Balance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts: Acids, Bases, and Buffers
Acids
Bases
Buffers
pH
Terms Describing pH
8.3 Regulation of Acid–Base Balance
Chemical Buffering
The Bicarbonate–Carbonic Acid Buffer System
Other Chemical Buffer Systems
Respiratory Regulatory Control
Renal Regulatory Control
Control of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate lons
Other Renal Regulatory Controls
Effect of Acid and Base Shifts on Electrolyte Balance
Assessment of Acid–Base Balance
Acid–Base Disorders
Respiratory Acidosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Respiratory Alkalosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Metabolic Acidosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Metabolic Alkalosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Mixed Acid–Base Disorders
Assessment of Acid–Base Disorders
8.4 Conclusion
Chapter 9: Cellular and Physiological Response to Injury: The Role of the Immune System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Disease Process
9.3 Cellular Injury
Mechanisms of Cellular Injury
Cellular Response to Injury
Cellular Accumulations
Cellular Alterations in Size and Number
Cellular Injury from Infection
Types of Microorganisms
Course of Infection
Cellular Death
Host Resistance to Infectious Cellular Injury
9.4 Preventing Transmission of Infection
9.5 Foundations of the Immune System
Organs of the Immune System
Cells of the Immune System
Monocytes and Macrophages
Leukocytes
Other Cells Derived from the Myeloid Stem Cell
Lymphocytes
Major Histocompatibility Complex/Human Leukocyte Antigens
Communication between Immune Cells
Complement
Cytokines
9.6 The Immune Response
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Innate Immune Response
Inflammation and Healing
Nutrition and Wound Healing
Adaptive Immune Response
9.7 Autoimmunity
9.8 Attacking Altered and Foreign Cells: Tumors and Transplants
Tumor Immunology
Transplantation Immunology
Transplant Rejection
Matching
Immunosuppression
Transplantation of Specific Organs and Tissues
9.9 Immunization
Passive Immunity
Active Immunization
Types of Vaccines
9.10 Immunodeficiency
Malnutrition and Immunodeficiency
Inherited Immunodeficiencies
Acquired Immunodeficiencies
9.11 Hypersensitivity (Allergy)
Overview of Hypersensitivity
Definition Hypersensitivity
Epidemiology
Etiology: Classifications of Allergic Reactions
Pathophysiology
Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Additional Medical Interventions
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Adverse Reactions to Food
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Medical Diagnosis
Nutrition Therapy for Food Allergy
Nutrition Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
9.12 Conclusion
Chapter 10: Nutritional Genomics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nutritional Genomics: Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomics, and Nutritional Epigenomics
10.3 An Overview of the Structure and Function of Genetic Material
Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Genome Structure
Translating the Message from DNA to Protein
Transcription and Translation
Genetic Variation
Inheritance
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Other Polymorphisms
Epigenetic Regulation
DNA Methylation
Histone Modification
The Epigenotype
Developmental Origins of Adult Disease
10.4 Genomics and Technology
10.5 Nutritional Genomics in Disease
Cancer
From Single-Gene Inherited Cancers to Gene–Nutrient Interactions
Variations in Xenobiotic Metabolism Influence Risk
MTHFR and ADH Polymorphisms Interact with Dietary Folate and Alcohol
Fruits and Vegetables
Obesity
Diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease
10.6 Nutritional Genomics and the Practice of Nutrition and Dietetics
Individual Genomic Testing in Practice
Evolving Knowledge and Practice Requirements for Dietitians
10.7 Conclusion
Chapter 11: Pharmacology
11.1 Introduction to Pharmacology
11.2 Role of Nutrition Therapy in Pharmacotherapy
11.3 Drug Mechanisms
11.4 Administration of Drugs
11.5 Pharmacokinetics
Absorption of Drugs
Distribution of Drugs
Metabolism of Drugs
Excretion of Drugs
Alterations in Drug Pharmacokinetics
Altered GI Absorption
Altered Distribution
Altered Metabolism
Altered Urinary Excretion
How Foods and Drugs Interact
Effect of Nutrition on Drug Action
Effect of Nutrition on Drug Dissolution
Effect of Nutrition on Drug Absorption
Effect of Nutrition on Drug Metabolism
Effect of Nutrition on Drug Excretion
Nutritional Complications Secondary to Pharmacotherapy
Drug Consequence: Effect on Nutrient Ingestion
Drug Consequence: Effect on Nutrient Absorption
Drug Consequence: Effect on Nutrient Metabolism
Drug Consequence: Effect on Nutrient Excretion
At-Risk Populations
Drug–Nutrient Interactions in the Older Adult
Drug–Nutrient Interactions in Nutrition Support
11.6 Nutrition Therapy
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
11.7 Conclusion
Part 4: Nutrition Therapy
Chapter 12: Diseases and Disorders of Energy Imbalance
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Energy Balance
Energy Intake
Energy Expenditure
Resting Energy Expenditure
Thermic Effect of Food
PA Energy Expenditure
Estimating and Measuring Energy Requirements
Equations
Indirect Calorimetry
Regulation of Energy Balance and Body Weight
Neurochemicals That Regulate Appetite and Food Intake
Metabolic Activity of the Adipocyte and Adipose Tissue
12.3 Overweight and Obesity
Assessment and Identification of Overweight and Obesity
Body Composition
Body Mass Index
Body Fat Distribution
Waist Circumference
Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Waist-to-Height Ratio
Epidemiology
Socioeconomic Status: Race, Gender, and Education
Adverse Health Consequences of Overweight and Obesity
Psychosocial and Emotional Consequences
Physiological Consequences
Type 2 Diabetes
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Hepatobiliary Disorders
Cancers
Reproductive Disorders
Etiology of Obesity
Additional Etiology
Genetic Effects on Body Weight
Obesogenic Factors
Physical, Social, Cultural, and Economic Environment
Dietary Patterns, Food Choices, and Eating Behaviors
Changes in PA
Sleep Patterns
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity
Evidence-Based Guidelines
Pharmacologic Treatment
Bariatric/Metabolic Surgical Interventions
Patient Selection
Preoperative care
Postoperative care
Nutrition Therapy for Overweight and Obesity
Nutrition Assessment
Client History
Anthropometric Measurements
Biochemical Indices and Laboratory Measurements
Food-/Nutrition-Related History
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Prescription
12.4 Nutrition Intervention
Weight-Loss Goals
Dietary Interventions
Physical Activity
Nutrition Counseling Strategies for Behavior Change
Underweight
Possible Nutrition Diagnoses
Underweight in Infants and Children
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring/Evaluation
12.5 Eating Disorders
Diagnosis and Behavioral Manifestations
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Common Features
Epidemiology of Eating Disorders
Etiology of Eating Disorders
Complications of Eating Disorders
Health Complications of AN
Health Complications of BN
Health Complications of BEDs
Treatment of Eating Disorders
Medical Treatment
Behavioral/Psychotherapy Treatment
Nutrition Therapy
12.6 Conclusion
Chapter 13: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The Heart
Electrical Activity of the Heart
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Function
Regulation of Blood Pressure
13.3 Hypertension
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Treatment
13.4 Nutrition Therapy for Hypertension
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
DASH—Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
Weight Loss
Sodium
Alcohol
Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium
Physical Activity
Smoking Cessation
13.5 Atherosclerosis
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Family History
Age and Sex
Obesity
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension
Physical Inactivity
Diabetes Mellitus
Impaired Fasting Glucose and Metabolic Syndrome
Cigarette Smoke
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Medical Treatment
13.6 Nutrition Therapy for Atherosclerosis
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Physical Activity
Saturated Fat
Trans Fatty Acids
Monounsaturated Fat
Ù-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids: Linolenic Acid
Other Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Cholesterol
Fiber
Nuts
Plant/Sterols (Phytosterols)
Nutrition Education and/or Nutrition Counseling
Monitoring and Evaluation
13.7 Ischemic Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
13.8 Nutrition Therapy for Myocardial Infarction
Nutrition Intervention
13.9 Peripheral Arterial Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations, Medical Diagnosis, and Treatment
13.10 Heart Failure
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
13.11 Nutrition Therapy for Heart Failure
Nutrition Assessment and Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Sodium
Energy and Protein
Fluid
Drug–Nutrient Interactions
Nutrition Support Recommendations in
Heart Failure
13.12 Medical Procedures for Heart Failure
CRT, Ventricular Restoration, and VAD
Heart Transplant
Selection Criteria and the Donor List
Transplant Surgery
13.13 Nutrition Therapy for Heart Transplant
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention, Monitoring, and Evaluation
Nutrition Support Route
Energy
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Fluid
Micronutrients
13.14 Atrial Fibrillation
Epidemiology
Treatment
Nutritional Implications and Nutrition Intervention
13.15 Conclusion
Chapter 14: Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
14.1 Introduction
Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Motility, Secretion, Digestion, and Absorption
Anatomy and Physiology of the Oral Cavity
Oral Cavity Motility
Oral Cavity Secretions
Physical Assessment of the Oral Cavity: An Important Component of Nutrition Assessment
Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus
Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach
Gastric Motility
Gastric Secretions
Control of Gastric Secretions
Release of Gastric Secretions
Gastric Digestion
Gastric Absorption
Introduction to Pathophysiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiology of the Oral Cavity
Dental Caries
Individuals at Risk for Dental Disease
Prevention of Dental Disease
Inflammatory Conditions of the Oral Cavity
Conditions Resulting in Altered Salivary Gland Function
Surgical Procedures for the Oral Cavity
Nutrition Assessment and Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Impaired Taste: Dysgeusia/Ageusia
Nutrition Therapy for Pathophysiology of the Oral Cavity
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Pathophysiology of the Esophagus
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for GERD
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Barrett’s Esophagus—A Complication of GERD
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Dysphagia
Definition
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Nutrition Therapy for Dysphagia
Nutritional Implications and Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Hiatal Hernia
Definition
Clinical Manifestations
Achalasia
Definition
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Achalasia
Esophageal Surgery
Definition
Nutrition Therapy after Esophagectomy
Pathophysiology of the Stomach
Indigestion
Nausea and Vomiting
Nutrition Therapy for Nausea and Vomiting
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Gastritis
Definition
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease
Nutritional Implications and Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Gastric Surgery
Vagotomy
Gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I), Gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II), and Roux-en-Y Procedure
Nutrition Therapy for Gastric Surgery
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Dumping Syndrome
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Bariatric Surgery
Gastroparesis
Definition
Etiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Gastroparesis
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Stress Ulcers
Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome
14.2 Conclusion
Chapter 15: Diseases of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Small Intestine Anatomy
15.3 Small Intestine Motility
Small Intestine Secretions
Small Intestine Digestion
Small Intestine Absorption
Large Intestine Anatomy
Large Intestine Motility
Large Intestine Secretions
Large Intestine Digestion and Absorption
Nutrition Assessment for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Conditions
Pathophysiology of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Diarrhea
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Diarrhea
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Interventions
Constipation
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Constipation
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Interventions
Malabsorption
Definition
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Fat Malabsorption
Carbohydrate Malabsorption
Protein Malabsorption
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Malabsorption
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Therapy for Fat Malabsorption
Nutrition Therapy for Lactose Malabsorption
Celiac Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Celiac Disease
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Therapy during Exacerbation of Disease
Nutrition Therapy for Rehabilitation during Periods of Remission
Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Common Surgical Interventions for the Lower Gl Tract
Jejunostomy, Ileostomy, and Colostomy
Nutrition Therapy for Jejunostomy, Ileostomy, and
Colostomy
Nutrition Intervention
Short Bowel Syndrome
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Short Bowel Syndrome
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
Definition
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for SIBO
Intestinal Transplantation
Nutrition Therapy for Intestinal Transplantation
15.4 Conclusion
Chapter 16: Diseases of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Exocrine Pancreas
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Hepatobiliary System
Anatomy of the Liver
Functions of the Liver
Bile Synthesis Secretion
Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile
Anatomy and Physiology of the Gallbladder
Anatomy and Physiology of the Pancreas
Diagnostic Procedures
16.3 Pathophysiology Common to the Hepatobiliary Tract
Jaundice
Portal Hypertension/Ascites
Encephalopathy
16.4 Pathophysiology of the Liver
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A Virus
Serum Hepatitis or Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Hepatitis D and E Virus
Nutrition Therapy for Viral Hepatitis
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Alcoholic Liver Disease
16.5 Nutritional Implications of ALD
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Fatty Liver
Nutrition Implications for NAFLD
Nutrition Therapy for NAFLD
Cirrhosis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Cirrhosis
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Energy
Vitamins and Minerals
Other Considerations
Monitoring and Evaluation
Liver Transplant
Nutrition Therapy for Liver Transplant
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Pathophysiology of the Biliary System
Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
Biliary Obstruction
Cholecystitis
Cholangitis
Nutrition Therapy for Cholelithiasis
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
16.6 Pathophysiology of the Exocrine Pancreas
Acute Pancreatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Medical Diagnosis
Signs/Symptoms
Medical Treatment
Nutrition Implications
Assessment
Diagnosis
Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Chronic Pancreatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Medical Treatment
Nutrition Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Pancreatic Surgery
Nutrition Implications
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
16.7 Conclusion
Chapter 17: Diseases of the Endocrine System
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System
Classification of Hormones
Endocrine Function
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands
Endocrine Pancreas
Endocrine Control of Energy Metabolism
Insulin
Glucagon
17.3 Pathophysiology of the Endocrine
System
17.4 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Type 2 Diabetes
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Metabolic Syndrome
Clinical Manifestations
Prediabetes (Increased Risk for Diabetes)
Diagnosis of Diabetes
A1C (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Islet Cell Autoantibodies
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies
Islet Cell Autoantibodies
Insulin Autoantibodies
C-Peptide
Medical Treatment of Diabetes
Insulin
Types of Insulin
Determining Insulin Doses
Insulin Regimens
Syringes and Pens
Insulin Pumps
Medications for T2DM
Bariatric Surgery
Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation
Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Goals of Nutrition Therapy
Nutrition Prescriptions
Meal Patterns and Planning
Carbohydrate Counting
Food Lists
Monitoring and Evaluation
Glycated Hemoglobin Assays (A1C)
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices
Testing for Ketones
Other Testing
Physical Activity
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Intervention
Acute Complications
Side Effects and Complications of Insulin Therapy
Dawn Phenomenon
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Pathophysiology
Medical Treatment
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome
Short-Term Illness
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Long-Term Complications of Hyperglycemia
Macrovascular Complications: Cardiovascular Disease
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
Nervous System Diseases
Nutrition Therapy for Long-Term Complications of Hyperglycemia
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Medical Treatment
Monitoring
Nutrition Therapy for GDM
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
17.5 Reactive Hypoglycemia
Definition
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Fasting Hypoglycemia
Postprandial (Reactive) Hypoglycemia
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Reactive Hypoglycemia
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
17.6 Other Endocrine Disorders
Hypothyroidism
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Definition
Epidemiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Hyperthyroidism
Pituitary Disorders
Pituitary Tumors
Hyperpituitarism
Acromegaly
Cushing’s Syndrome
Hypopituitarism
Diabetes Insipidus
Adrenal Cortex Disorders
Excess Secretion of Glucocorticoids
Insufficient Secretion of Adrenal Cortex Steroids
17.7 Conclusion
Chapter 18: Diseases of the Renal System
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Kidneys
Anatomy
Physiological Functions
Laboratory Evaluation of Kidney Function
Pathophysiology
18.3 Chronic Kidney Disease
Definition and Medical Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Etiology
Treatment
Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Renal Transplantation
18.4 Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
CKD Stages 1–4 (Predialysis)
CKD Stage 5
Protein
Energy
Adjusted Edema-Free Body Weight (aBWef) for Obese and Underweight Patients
Fat
Potassium
Fluid and Sodium
Phosphorus
Calcium
Vitamin Supplementation
Mineral Supplementation
Nutrition Therapy for Comorbid Conditions and Complications
Cardiovascular Disease
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Anemia
Medicare Coverage for Medical Nutrition Therapy
Nutrition Therapy for Kidney Transplant
Protein and Energy Needs
Carbohydrate
Fat
Sodium
Potassium
Immunosuppressants
Cardiovascular Disease
Hypomagnesemia
Obesity
Chronic kidney disease bone mineral disorder (CKD-BMD)
Rejection
Monitoring and Evaluation
18.5 Acute Kidney Injury
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Electrolytes
Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine
Treatment
18.6 Nutrition Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury
Nutrition Intervention
18.7 Nephrolithiasis
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis and Treatment
18.8 Nutrition Therapy for Nephrolithiasis
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
18.9 Conclusion
Chapter 19: Diseases of the Hematological System
19.1 Overview of the Hematological System
Blood Composition
19.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Hematological System
The Cells of the Hematological System
The Development of the Hematological Cells
Hemoglobin
19.3 Homeostatic Control of the Hematological System
Blood Clotting
Factors Affecting Hemostasis
Summary
19.4 Nutritional Anemias
Microcytic Anemias: Iron-Deficiency and Functional Anemia
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Blood Loss
Inadequate Intake and/or Absorption
Mineral Excesses
Contaminants
Associated Health Conditions
Pica
Obesity
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Helicobacter pylori Infection
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Gastrointestinal Disease
Impaired Thyroid Function
Anorexia Nervosa
Phenylketonuria
Physical Activity
Restless Leg Syndrome
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Microcytic Anemias
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Sample Nutrition Diagnostic Terminology for Microcytic Anemia
Sample PES Statements for Microcytic Anemia
Megaloblastic Anemias
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Cyanocobalamin
Folate
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Megaloblastic Anemias
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Sample Nutrition Diagnostic Terminology for Megaloblastic Anemia
Sample PES Statement for Megaloblastic Anemia
Monitoring and Evaluation
19.5 Hemochromatosis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Hemochromatosis
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Sample Nutrition Diagnostic Terminology for Iron Overload
Sample PES Statement for Iron Overload
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Hemoglobinopathies: Non-nutritional Anemias
Sickle Cell Anemia
Nutrition Therapy
Thalassemia
Nutrition Therapy
Polycythemia
Nutrition Therapy
Hemolytic Anemia
Nutrition Therapy
Anemia of Prematurity
Nutrition Therapy
Aplastic Anemia
Nutrition Therapy
19.6 Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
Hemophilia
Nutrition Therapy
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
Nutrition Therapy
19.7 Conclusion
Chapter 20: Diseases and Disorders of the Neurological System
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System
20.3 Communication within the Nervous System
20.4 The Central Nervous System (CNS)
20.5 Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Antiepileptic Drugs
Other Medical Treatments
20.6 Nutrition Therapy for Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
20.7 Stroke and Aneurysm
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
20.8 Nutrition Therapy for Stroke
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Nutrition and Stroke Prevention
Progressive Neurological Disorders
Parkinson’s Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
20.9 Nutrition Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Sample PES Statement
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Guillain–Barré Syndrome
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Myasthenia Gravis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Multiple Sclerosis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
20.10 Nutrition Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Dementia
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
20.11 Nutrition Therapy for Dementia
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
20.12 Neurotrauma and Spinal Cord Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
20.13 Nutrition Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Spinal Cord Injury
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Treatment
20.14 Nutrition Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
20.15 Conclusion
Chapter 21: Diseases of the Respiratory System
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
Measures of Pulmonary Function
Nutrition and Pulmonary Health
21.3 Asthma
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Therapy for Asthma
21.4 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Definition
Etiology
Treatment
21.5 Nutrition Therapy for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Nutrition Assessment and Diagnosis
Energy and Protein Requirements
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
21.6 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology: Chronic Bronchitis
Clinical Manifestations: Chronic Bronchitis
Pathophysiology: Emphysema
Clinical Manifestations: Emphysema
Treatment
21.7 Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Nutrition Assessment and Diagnosis
Anthropometric Measurements
Medication Use
Physical Activity and Function
Nutrition Intervention
Energy and Nutrient Needs
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
21.8 Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Medical Diagnosis
21.9 Nutrition Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Anthropometric Measurements
Biochemical Data and Medical Tests
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition-Related Medication Management: Pancreatic Enzyme Therapy
Energy and Macronutrients
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
Recommended Infant Feeding
21.10 Conclusion
21.11 Pneumonia
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Aspiration Pneumonia
Patients with Tracheostomies
Nutritional Implications
Respiratory Failure
21.12 Nutrition Therapy for Mechanically Ventilated Individuals
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment and Intervention
Nutrient Requirements
21.13 Transplantation
Definition and Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
21.14 Nutrition Therapy for Transplantation
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrient Requirements
Nutrition Intervention
21.15 Conclusion
Chapter 22: Metabolic Stress and the Critically Ill
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Physiological Response to Starvation
22.3 Physiological Response to Stress
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathophysiology
Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
22.4 Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Stress
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
22.5 Sepsis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathophysiology
Treatment
22.6 Nutrition Therapy for Sepsis
22.7 Burns
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathophysiology
Treatment
22.8 Nutrition Therapy for Burns
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
22.9 Surgery
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Nutrition Assessment
22.10 Peri-/Postoperative Nutrition Therapy: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Protocols (ERAS)
Postoperative Nutrition Therapy
22.11 HIV and AIDS
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Intervention
22.12 Conclusion
Chapter 23: Neoplastic Disease
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Definition
23.3 Epidemiology
23.4 Etiology of Cancer
23.5 Cancer Genetics
23.6 Cancer and Nutrition
Pathophysiology
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgery
Cancer Diagnoses Requiring Surgery
Cancers of the Head and Neck
Esophageal Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Intestinal Cancers
Pancreatic Cancer
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Biological and Targeted Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
23.7 Nutrition Therapy for Individuals with Cancer
Nutritional Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Determining Nutrient Requirements
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Interventions for Common Side Effects of Cancer and Treatment
Early Satiety
Mucositis
Diarrhea
Dysgeusia
Xerostomia
Anorexia
Immunosuppression
Nutrition Interventions during Chemotherapy and Radiation Treatment
Interventions before and after Surgery
Nutrition Interventions for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Nutrition for Cancer Survivors
23.8 Conclusion
Chapter 24: Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Skeletal System
24.3 Cartilage
Bone
The Cells of Osseous Tissue
Skeletal Growth and Development
Cortical and Trabecular Bone
Hormonal Control of Bone Metabolism
Osteoporosis
Epidemiology
Etiology
Nutritional Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
Calcium
Vitamin D
Other Nutrients and Food Components
Physical Activity
Cigarette Smoking
Alcohol
Pathophysiology
Medical Diagnosis
Treatment
Adequate Calcium and Vitamin D
Physical Activity and Fall Prevention
Pharmaceutical Treatment
24.4 Nutrition Therapy for Osteoporosis
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
24.5 Rickets and Osteomalacia
Rickets
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations
Prevention
Treatment
Osteomalacia
Etiology and Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
24.6 Arthritic Conditions
Definition and Epidemiology
24.7 Osteoarthritis
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Nutrition Implications
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Interventions
Gout
Epidemiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
24.8 Conclusion
Chapter 25: Metabolic Disorders
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Epidemiology and Inheritance
25.3 Pathophysiology of Impaired Metabolism
25.4 Medical Diagnosis/Newborn Screening
25.5 Clinical Manifestations of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
25.6 Medical Approaches to Treatment
Acute Medical Therapy
Use of Scavenger Drugs to Remove Toxic By-Products
25.7 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Inborn Errors of Metabolism: General Guidelines
Acute Medical Nutrition Therapy
The Nutrition Care Process for Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Chronic Medical Nutrition Therapy
Restriction of Precursors
Supplementation of the End Products
Providing Alternate Substrates for Metabolism
Supplementation of Vitamins or Other Cofactor Nutrients
25.8 Amino Acidopathies
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations
Phenylketonuria
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Amino Acid Disorders
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Management during Pregnancy
Organic Acidemias
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Propionic Acidemia
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Propionic Acidemia
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Adjunct Medical and Nutritional Therapies
25.9 Urea Cycle Disorders
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations
Acute Medical Treatment
Chronic Medical Treatment
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Urea Cycle Disorders
Acute Nutrition Intervention
Chronic Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
25.10 Mitochondrial Disorders
Etiology and Clinical Manifestations
Medical Diagnosis
Respiratory Chain Defects
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Mitochondrial Disorders
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
25.11 Disorders Related to Vitamin Metabolism and Vitamin-Responsive Metabolic Disorders
Etiology
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Vitamin-Responsive Metabolic Disorders
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Galactosemia
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Galactosemia
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Fructose-1,6-Diphosphatase Deficiency
Medical Nutrition Therapy for FDP Deficiency
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Glycogen Storage Diseases
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
25.12 Disorders of Fat Metabolism
Etiology and Clinical Manifestations
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Disorders of Fat Metabolism
Acute Nutrition Intervention
Chronic Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Adjunct Medical Therapies
25.13 Conclusion
Appendices
Appendix A—Answers to Chapter Review Questions
Appendix B—Answers to Application of the Nutrition Care Process Questions
Appendix C1—Healthy U.S.- Style Eating Pattern
Appendix C2—Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern
Appendix C3—Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern
Appendix D1—Triceps Skinfold Thickness, Arm Muscle Area (AMA), and Mid-Upper Arm Fat Area (AFA): Procedures, Computations, Interpretations, and Percentiles
Appendix D2—Nomogram for Calculations of Arm Muscle Circumference and Area
Appendix E—Routine Laboratory Tests with Nutritional Implications
Appendix F—Normal Values for Physical Examination
Appendix G—Nutritional Deficiencies Revealed by Physical Examination
Appendix H—Choose Your Foods: Exchange Lists for Diabetes
Appendix I—Common Medical Abbreviations
Glossary
Index