Nutrition Guide for Physicians and Related Healthcare Professions

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This fully updated and expanded third edition is a reference guide on nutrition and its clinical implications for health and disease through the life-cycle. The book endeavors to address the needs of those who would most benefit from up-to-date information on recent advances in the field of nutrition. Written by experts in the field, chapters cover a diverse range of nutritional areas that present a succinct overview of recent thinking and discoveries that have the greatest capacity to aid physicians and other healthcare professionals in improving the nutritional health of their clients. The text is divided into eight parts. Part one and two address the nutrient requirements and special nutrition-related issues for people across all stages of the lifespan―from pregnancy and infancy through the adolescent years to the older adult years. Part three summarizes the role of nutrition in the prevention and management of chronic conditions frequently seen in clinical practice, including obesity, diabetes, bone disorders, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and cancer. Part four describes different dietary patterns (the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, the vegetarian diet, and the ketogenic diet). Part five describes nutrition challenges specific to surgery and several different acute diseases and disorders (gastrointestinal disorders, food allergy and intolerance, diseases of the liver and pancreas, kidney disease, eating disorders, bariatric surgery, sarcopenia, and drug interactions with food). Part six looks at different aspects of the diet (coffee, tea, dietary fat, dietary sugars, energy drinks, alcohol, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and the gut microbiome). Part seven examines a range of factors that influence dietary health decisions (creating nutritional behavior change, methods for assessing nutritional status, Dietary Reference Intakes, an overview of the diet and food guides, food labels, and sources of nutrients). Finally, part eight looks at dietary supplements (including the problem of dishonest marketing) and false and misleading information in the area of nutrition.  The growing nutritional impact of COVID-19 is discussed throughout the book where appropriate.

Nutrition Guide for Physicians and Related Healthcare Professions Third Edition serves as a comprehensive guide that is organized by age/lifespan, nutrition therapy in relation to chronic disease and COVID, diet and its role in prevention, dietary requirements and recommendations, and influencing health decisions for the patient. It is a valuable resource of practical and easy-to-access information on nutrition for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and others in their daily practice.

Author(s): Ted Wilson, Norman J. Temple, George A. Bray
Series: Nutrition and Health
Edition: 3
Publisher: Humana
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 516
City: New York

Preface
References
Series Editor Pages
Part One: Introduction
Part Two: Nutritional Considerations Across the Lifespan
Part Three: Nutrition for the Prevention and Management of Chronic Conditions
Part Four: Dietary Patterns
Part Five: Nutritional Requirements Following Surgery and Acute Disease
Part Six: Food and Nutrient Health Effects
Part Seven: Influencing Dietary Health Decisions
Part Eight: Opinions Concerning Supplements
Appendices
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Volume Editors
About the Series Editor
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
1: Nutrition Guide for Physicians and Related Healthcare Professionals
References
Part II: Nutrition Considerations Across the Lifespan
2: Pregnancy: Preparation for the Next Generation
Introduction
Nutrition in the Preconception Period
Nutrition During Pregnancy
Weight Gain in Pregnancy
Energy and Macronutrient Needs During Pregnancy
Vitamin and Mineral Needs During Pregnancy
Substances to Limit or Avoid in Pregnancy
Food Safety During Pregnancy
Translating Nutrition Guidelines into Practical Advice About Food
Special Concerns During Pregnancy
Common Complaints
High-Risk Pregnancies
Nutrition for Lactation
Nutrition for the Postpartum Period
Referrals for Services
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
3: Infants: Transition from Breast to  Bottle to Solids
What Is the Best Milk for an Infant?
Nutrient Content of Breast Milk and Infant Formula
Bioactivity of Human Milk and Formulas
Health Benefits of Human Milk
Transition to Solid Foods
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
4: Young Children: Preparing for the Future
Introduction
Monitoring Growth
Assessing Growth and Nutrition Risk
Pediatric Malnutrition
Nutrition Guidance
Energy and Nutrient Needs
Dietary Guidance
Healthy Eating Behaviors
Nutrition Concerns During Childhood
Childhood Obesity
Food Insecurity
Food Allergies and Sensitivities
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Dental Caries
Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
5: Nutrition in Adolescence
Nutrition, Growth, and Development
Nutrition Behaviors and Their Effects on Nutritional Status
Nutrition Concerns of Athletes
Nutrition Management of Chronic Health Issues
Overweight and Obesity
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome
Nutrition Education and Counseling of Teens
Summary
References
6: Nutrition Considerations of Girls and Women
Introduction
Specific Nutrient Considerations for Females
Dietary Fat
Iron
Folate and Vitamin B12
Calcium
Premenstrual Symptoms, Dysmenorrhea, and Nutrition Associations
Premenstrual Symptoms and Nutrition Associations
Dysmenorrhea and Nutrition Associations
Females, Body Dissatisfaction, and Nutrition
Weight Management in Females
Body Weight and Reproduction
Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Loss Considerations
The Female Athlete Triad
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Peri- and Postmenopausal Nutrition
Urinary and Genital Tract Conditions
Bacterial and Fungal Vaginosis
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
7: Nutrition and Aging: Meeting the Unique Needs of Older Adults
Introduction
Optimal Nutrition in Later Life
General Nutrition Recommendations for Older Adults
Energy-Yielding Nutrients and Alcohol
Micronutrients: Vitamins, Minerals, and Trace Elements
Water and Fiber
Nutritional Supplements
Causes of Nutritional Risk in Late Life
Physiological Factors
Psychological Factors
Environmental/Social Factors
COVID-19: A New Threat to the Well-Being of Older Adults
Nutritional Concerns by Care Setting
Hospitalized Older Adults
Nutritional Concerns and Surgery
Transitions from Hospital to Home or Skilled Nursing Facility
Nutritional Issues in Long-Term Care
Malnutrition in LTC
Special Concerns for the Older Adult with Dementia
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
8: Dietary Considerations for Postmenopausal Women
Introduction
The Menopause Transition
Changes in Cardiometabolic, Physical, and Psychosocial Health
Cardiometabolic Health
Physical and Psychosocial Health
Vasomotor Symptoms
Sleep Disturbances
Mood Swings
Social Isolation and Loneliness
Bone Health
Gastrointestinal Health
Clinical Care Suggestions Throughout Menopause and Beyond
COVID-19 Addendum
References
Suggested Further Readings
Part III: Nutrition for the Prevention and Management of Chronic Conditions
9: Obesity: Understanding and Achieving a Healthy Weight
Introduction
Definition
Prevalence of Obesity
Centrally Located Body Fat
Basic Facts About Obesity
Etiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Diseases Associated with Obesity
Costs Associated with Obesity
Treatment
Components of a Comprehensive Program
Diet
Balanced Low-Calorie Diets
Low-Carbohydrate/Keto Diets
Low-Fat Diets
Energy Density
Portion-Controlled Diets
Timed-Food Intake: Intermittent Fasting and Timed Meals
Behavior Modification and Lifestyle Interventions
Exercise
Medications
Noradrenergic Drugs (Many Trade Names)
Drugs That Increase Intestinal VOLUME
Gelesis
Drugs That Modify Intestinal Absorption of Fat
Orlistat (Marketed Worldwide as Xenical)
Lorcaserin (Withdrawn in February 2020)
Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor-1 Agonists
Exenatide
Liraglutide (Marketed as VictozaR for Diabetes at a Dose of 1.2 or 1.8 mg/d and as SaxendaR at a Dose of 3.0 mg/d for the Management of Obesity)
Combination of Two Drugs for the Management of Obesity
Combination of Topiramate and Phentermine: Extended Release
Combination of Naltrexone-Bupropion: Sustained Release
Best Practices for the Use of Medications Approved for the Management of Obesity
Dietary Supplements Used to Manage Obesity
Surgical Procedures for the Management of Obesity
Surgical Procedures
Criteria for Bariatric Surgery
Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery
Vagal Blockade
Endoscopically Placed Balloons
Liposuction
Conclusion
COVID-19 Addendum
References
Suggested Further Readings
10: Medical Nutrition Therapy for the  Treatment of Diabetes: Prioritizing Recommendations Based on Evidence
Introduction
Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) for Diabetes
Definition of MNT
Goals of MNT
Effectiveness of MNT in the Management of Diabetes
MNT and Glycemic Control
Cardiovascular Risk Factor Mitigation
Medication Use
Weight Management
Diabetes Prevention
Quality of Life
Recommendations for MNT Referrals and Encounters
Who Should Be Referred?
Frequency of Encounters
Assessment During Encounters
Follow-Up
MNT Intervention
Macronutrients
Carbohydrate
Protein
Dietary Fat
Micronutrients
Other Nutritional Considerations
Nonnutritive Sweeteners
Fiber
Alcohol
Diabetes-Related Comorbidities
Diabetic Kidney Disease
Gastroparesis
Cardiovascular Disease
Summary and Conclusions
COVID-19 Addendum
References
Suggested Further Readings
11: Bone Health: Sound Suggestions for Stronger Bones
Introduction
Calcium
Dietary Calcium Requirements
Calcium Sources
Vitamin D
Vitamin D Requirements
Sources of Vitamin D
Food
Sunshine
Supplements
Safety
Other Vitamins
Protein
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
12: Coronary Heart Disease: Nutritional Interventions for Prevention and Therapy
Introduction
Dietary Fat and CHD
Fat Intake
Saturated Fat and Dietary Cholesterol
Trans Fats
N-6 Polyunsaturated Fats and Monounsaturated Fats
N-3 Polyunsaturated Fats
Foods Rich in Carbohydrates
Refined Carbohydrates
Sugar
Unrefined Cereals
Meat
Fruit and Vegetables
Salt
Alcohol
Should We Recommend Dietary Supplements?
Whole Diet Approaches to CHD Risk Reduction
Obesity
Physical Activity
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
13: Dietary Influences on Blood Pressure
Introduction
Blood Pressure and the Blood Glucose Relationship
Body Weight
Dietary Components and Their Effects on Blood Pressure
Macronutrients
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrates
Micronutrients
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Other Food Components
Caffeine
Alcohol
Grapes, Wine, and Other Polyphenols
Beet Root Juice
Dietary Supplements
Summary/Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
14: Diet, Physical Activity, and Cancer Prevention
Introduction
Overweight and Obesity
Physical Activity
Dietary Intake
Recommendations
Meat Consumption
Lung Cancer and Beta-Carotene Supplements
Alcohol
Dietary Patterns
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
Part IV: Dietary Patterns
15: The Mediterranean Diet: A Healthy Dietary Plan
Introduction
What Is a Mediterranean Diet?
Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Health Outcomes
Body Weight
Diabetes
Cardiovascular Effects
The Metabolic Syndrome
References
Suggested Further Readings
16: The DASH Dietary Pattern
Introduction
Design of the Dash Dietary Pattern
Effect of Dash on Blood Pressure and Hypertension
Implementation of Dash
Effect of Dash on the Risk of Other Chronic Diseases and Conditions
DASH and Cardiovascular Diseases
DASH and Kidney Diseases
DASH and Cancer
DASH, Cognitive Function, and Mental Health
Practical Tips
Conclusion
References
17: The Vegetarian/Flexitarian Diets
Introduction
Classifications and Overview
Flexitarian Diet
Pescatarian Diet
Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian Diet
Vegan Diet
Other Vegetarian Diets
Health Benefits of Vegetarian Diets
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Obesity
Cancer
Type 2 Diabetes
Bone Health
Health Benefits of Flexitarian Diets
Nutrients in Vegetarian Diets
Protein
Carbohydrates and Fiber
Fat
Saturated Fatty Acids
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Calcium
Vitamin D
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin B12
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
18: Where Do Carbohydrate-Restricted (Ketogenic) Diets Fit In?
Introduction
Carbohydrate-Restricted/Ketogenic/Atkins Diets
Low-Fat Diets
Mediterranean Diet
Ketogenic/Low-Carb Diet Reversal of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
Recommendations by Obesity Medicine and the American Diabetes Associations
Which Diet/Lifestyle Is the Best?
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
Part V: Nutritional Requirements Following Surgery and Acute Disease
19: Role of Nutrition in Understanding Common Gastrointestinal Disorders
Introduction
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Esophageal Cancer
Peptic Ulceration
Gastroparesis
Bariatric Surgery
Food Allergy
Celiac Disease
Constipation
Diarrhea
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Dietary Therapy Based on Low FODMAP Ingestion
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Colorectal Cancer
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
20: Food Allergy and Intolerance: Diagnosis and Nutritional Management
Introduction
Food Allergy
Types of Food Allergies
IgE-Mediated FA
Non-IgE-Mediated and Mixed-Type FA
Diagnosis
Detailed Clinical History
Diagnostic Tests
Other Diagnostic Tests
Elimination Diets
Oral Food Challenges (OFC)
Alternative Tests
Monitoring for Tolerance
Nutritional Management
General Dietary Recommendations for FA
Managing Oral Allergy Syndrome
Ingestion of Baked Cow’s Milk or Egg
Prevention
Emerging Therapeutic Options
Food Intolerance
Types of Food Intolerance
Enzymatic Deficiencies or Transport Defects
Reactions to Pharmacological Agents in Food
Reactions to Food Additives
Nonceliac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity
Diagnosis
Nutritional Management
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
21: Nutrition in Patients with Diseases of the Liver and Pancreas
Introduction
Patients with Liver Disease
Patients with Pancreatic Disease
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
22: Nutrition Care for Kidney Disease and Related Disorders
Introduction
Common Disorders in CKD and Their Relationship to Nutrition
Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Bone and Mineral Disorders
Kidney-Gut Connection
Medical Nutrition Therapy in Kidney Disease
End-Stage Renal Disease
Other Kidney Disorders
Kidney Stones
Gout
Acute Kidney Injury
Glomerulonephritis
Implications of COVID-19 for Kidney Health and Nutrition
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
23: Eating Disorders: Disorders of Under- and Overnutrition
Introduction
Eating Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders
Night Eating Syndrome
Purging Disorder
Atypical Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa (of Low Frequency or Limited Duration)
Binge Eating Disorder (of Low Frequency or Limited Duration)
Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder
Prevalence of Eating Disorders
Behavioral Treatment for Eating Disorders
Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa Inpatient Treatment
Anorexia Nervosa Outpatient Treatment in Adolescents
Anorexia Nervosa Outpatient Treatment in Adults
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Purging Disorder
Night Eating Syndrome
Pharmacological Treatment for Eating Disorders
Prevention
Conclusion
COVID-19 Addendum
References
Suggested Further Readings
24: Nutritional Considerations Following Bariatric Surgery
Introduction
Bariatric Surgical Procedures
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG)
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB)
Postoperative Dietary Recommendations
General Dietary Guidelines
Specific Rules on Eating
Food Aversions and Intolerances
Carbohydrates
Protein
Micronutrients
Iron and Other Minerals
Calcium and Vitamin D
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
Alcohol
Weight Regain
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
25: Nutrition and the Assessment of Sarcopenia
Introduction
Muscle Mass and Lean Body Mass
Assessment of Muscle Mass
Lean Body Mass
Lean Body Mass and Functional Capacity
Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Mass Oral Creatine Dilution
Energy Needs During Aging: Effects on Sarcopenia
Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism
Muscle Protein Turnover
Muscle Protein as the “Reservoir” of Amino Acids
Mechanisms Responsible for Net Muscle Protein Loss
Anabolic Resistance
Nutritional Support for Sarcopenia Prevention
Dietary Supplements and Protein Nutrition in Elderly
Essential Amino Acids as Dietary Supplements
Insulin and Protein Nutrition
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
26: Drug Interactions with Food and Beverages
Introduction
Medications to Be Taken on an Empty Stomach
Specific Examples of Food–Drug Interactions
Effects of Vitamin K on Warfarin Anticoagulation
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Tyramine
Calcium Impairs Absorption of Certain Antibiotics
Ginger Enhances Anticoagulant Effects
Garlic Enhances Anticoagulant Effects and Reduces Protease Inhibitor Levels
Soy Reduces Anticoagulant Effects
Specific Examples of Food–Beverage Interactions
Use of Acidic Beverages to Aid Drug Absorption
Citrus Juice Inhibits Drug Metabolism
Effect of Alcohol on Drug Action
Effect of Caffeine on Drug Action
Green Tea Reduces Anticoagulant Effects
Cranberry Increases Anticoagulant Effects
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
Part VI: Food and Nutrient Health Effects
27: Coffee Consumption and Its Impact on Health
Introduction
Total Mortality
Cardiovascular Disease
Blood Pressure and Blood Lipids
Cardiovascular Disease
Stroke
Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome
Cancer
Neurological Diseases
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
28: Health Effects of Tea Consumption
Introduction
Green Tea Benefit for Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Benefits of Green Tea for Cardiovascular Disease
Benefits of Green Tea for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Benefits of Green Tea for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Benefits of Green Tea for Cancer
Green Tea Effects May Be Variable in Different People
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
29: Dietary Fat: The Good, the Bad, and  What Is Best?
Introduction
Types of Fat
General Characteristics
Saturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
N-6 and N-3 Fatty Acids
Sterols, Stanols, and Cholesterol
Trans-Fatty Acids
Triacylglycerols
Circulating Lipoproteins
Dietary Fat and Health
Trans-Fatty Acids
SFA/MUFA/PUFA
N-3 Fatty Acids (ALA, EPA, and DHA)
Dietary Patterns
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
30: Demystifying Dietary Sugars
Introduction
Types of Sugar
Chemical Classification
“Total” versus “Added” or “Free” Sugars
Sugars versus Complex Carbohydrates in the Context of Real Food
Sugar, Obesity, and Metabolic Health
Public Health Recommendations
Common Sources of Sugar and Marketing
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Is Fructose Worse for Health?
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
31: Energy Drinks and Human Health: Information, Implications, and Safety
Introduction
Defining Energy Drinks: Intent Is to Be Difficult
Marketing Strategy and Target Audience
Composition of Energy Drinks
Caffeine
Sugar
Taurine
Electrolytes (Minerals)
Vitamins
Herbal Ingredients
Health Considerations
Promises and Performance
Implications and Safety
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
32: Alcohol Consumption and Health
Introduction
A Look at Alcoholic Beverages
Possible Beneficial Health Effects Associated with Alcohol Consumption
Harmful Effects of Alcohol
Effect of Alcohol on Total Mortality
Phytochemicals in Alcoholic Beverages
Fetal Alcohol Exposure
Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol: What Advice Should a Healthcare Professional Give?
References
Suggested Further Readings
33: Dietary Fiber: All Fibers Are Not Alike
Introduction
Physical Effects of Fiber in the Small Intestine
Type 2 Diabetes/Glycemic Control
Cardiovascular Disease/Cholesterol Lowering
Satiety/Weight Loss
Large Bowel Effects
Constipation/Diarrhea/Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Colorectal Cancer
How to Avoid Fiber-Induced Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Enhance Compliance
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
34: The Essential Vitamins: From A to K
Introduction
The Vitamins: From A to K
Vitamin A and β-Carotene
The B Vitamins
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamins: How Much Do We Really Need?
Recommendations for Vitamin Intakes in the General Healthy Population
Vitamins in the Prevention and Management of Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases
Vitamins as Epigenetic Modifiers
Summary
COVID-19 Addendum
References
Suggested Further Readings
35: Essential Minerals: Nutritional Requirements, Dietary Sources, and Deficiencies
Introduction
The Macrominerals
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Microminerals
Fluoride
Iron
Zinc
Ultra-Trace Minerals
Copper
Iodine
Selenium
Chromium
Other Trace Elements
Essential Minerals: Supplements
Summary
COVID-19 Addendum
References
Suggested Further Readings
36: Nutrition and the Gut Microbiome
Introduction
Early Colonization of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Infant Delivery Mode
Infant Feeding
Antibiotics
Maternal Diet
Other Factors
Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiome
Diet
Medications
Stress
Nutritional Modulation of the Gut Microbiome
Overview
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Fermented Foods
Nutritional-Targeted Gut Microbiome Reprogramming and Chronic Diseases
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
Part VII: Influencing Dietary Health Decisions
37: How to Create Nutritional Behavior Change
The Importance of Behavior in Nutrition
Eating Behavior and Food Choice
Behavior Change and Behavior Change Techniques
The Selection of Behavior Change Techniques
The Effectiveness of Behavior Change Techniques
The Value of Behavior Change Techniques
References
Suggested Further Readings
38: Nutritional Status: An Overview of Methods for Assessment
Introduction
Principles of Nutritional Assessment
Food Frequency Questionnaires: Diet History Questionnaires
Diet and Lifestyle History
Assessing Current Dietary Intake
Underreporting of Dietary Intake
Physical Examination
Body Composition Analyses
Laboratory Tests
Special Concerns by Age
Adolescents
Elderly
Food Access and/or Food Security
Other Areas of Concern
Healthy Eating Index
Conclusion
COVID-19 Addendum
References
Suggested Further Readings
39: Dietary Reference Intakes: Cutting Through the Confusion
Introduction
The Dietary Reference Intakes
Estimated Average Requirement
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Adequate Intake
Tolerable Upper Level Intake
Estimated Energy Requirement
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Limits and Uses of the DRI
Limits
General Guidelines for Diet Assessment of Individuals
DRI and the Consumer
Summary
References
Suggested Further Readings
40: New Concepts in Nutritional Science: Food Not Nutrients
The Concept of Food Synergy
Single Substances That Are Linked to Health Disorders
An Overview of the Diet
Fruit and Vegetables
Whole Grains
Meat, Fish, Legumes, and Nuts
Milk and Dairy Products
Food and the Environment
Dietary Supplements
Food Guides
MyPlate
DASH Eating Plan
Mediterranean Diet
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
41: Food Labels and Sources of Nutrients: Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff
The Nutrition Facts Label
Using the Nutrition Facts Label
Front-of-Package Food Labels
Health Claims
Health Claims on Food Labels
Using Labels to Make Misleading Implicit Health Claims
Major Nutrient Contributions of the Food Groups and of Various Foods
Food Sources of Select Nutrients
Lipids
Dietary Fiber
Vitamins and Minerals
Phytochemicals
References
Suggested Further Readings
Part VIII: Opinions Concerning Supplements
42: Supplements to Our Diets: Navigating a Minefield
Introduction
Common Supplements
Vitamins and Minerals
Antioxidants
Probiotics
Herbs
Supplements Promoted to Stimulate Detoxification and the Immune System
Glucosamine and Chondroitin
Prevagen
CoQ
Weight-Loss Products
A Repeating Story
Potential Hazards from Supplements
How Dietary Supplements Are Marketed
Direct Contact with Consumers
Multilevel Marketing
Advertising
Regulations on the Marketing of Supplements
The USA
Canada
Helping Patients Make Informed Choices About Dietary Supplements
References
Suggested Further Readings
43: Examples of False and Misleading Information
Introduction
The Case of Dr. Oz
Weight-Loss Treatments
Blood Types and Health
Detoxification
Training Programs for Nutritionists
The Problem of Food Companies Interfering in Scientific Research
Conclusion
References
Suggested Further Readings
Part IX: Final Thoughts
44: Postscript
References
Appendix A: Aids to Calculations
Weight
Length
Volume
Temperature
Energy
Energy in Food Components (Kcal per Gram)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Appendix B: Sources of Reliable Information on Nutrition
Books
Internet Websites
Index