Nutrition and Functional Foods in Boosting Digestion, Metabolism and Immune Health

Front Cover
NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS IN BOOSTING DIGESTION, METABOLISM AND IMMUNE HEALTH
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
A - Introduction
1 - Chemistry and mechanism of the diseases caused by digestive disorders
Introduction
Methods
Chemistry behind human digestive system and digestive disorders
Celiac disease
Nonceliac gluten sensitivity
Crohn's disease
Gaucher disease
Ulcer
Lactose intolerance
Valinemia
Propionic acidemia
Maple syrup urine disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
Barrett's esophagus
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2 - Current trend in the pharmacotherapy of digestive disorders
Introduction
Pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcer diseases
Proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) inhibitors
Prostaglandins
Histamine H2-receptor antagonists
Muscarinic receptor antagonists
Mucosal coating agents
Pharmacotherapy of gastroeosphageal reflux
Acid controllers
Proton pump inhibitors
Potassium competitive acid blockers
Neutralization of the acid pocket
Reflux inhibitors
Enhancing esophageal clearance and defensive properties
Prokinetics
Mucosal protection
Pharmacotherapy of constipation and diarrhea
Constipation
Diarrhea
Pharmacotherapy of irritable bowel syndrome
Pharmacotherapy of hemorrhoids
Pharmacotherapy of disorders of the pancreas
Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease
Conclusions
References
Further reading
3 - Food derived ACE inhibitory peptides: science to application
Introduction
Production of bioactive peptides
Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis
Microbial fermentation
Peptide transport systems
ACE inhibitory behavior of milk fermented by Lactobacillus
Functionality of bioactive peptides
Applications of ACE inhibitory peptides for the management of health problems
Antihypertensive peptides and cardiovascular diseases
Immunomodulatory peptides in combination with ACE inhibition
Functionalization of food products
Limitations and challenges
Future perspectives
References
4 - Age- and obesity-related metabolic changes and their impact on the incidence of digestion, metabolism, and immu ...
Introduction
Impaired digestion and metabolism
Osteoporosis and its links with obesity
The obesity paradox and osteoporosis
The link between diabetes and osteoporosis
Conclusions
References
B - Digestion, human physiology and enzyme-microbiome linkage
5 - Digestion and immune health
Introduction
The immune system and digestive tract
Structure of digestive tract and its immune system
Digestion and enteric nervous system
Impairment of digestion
Dietary habit
Food intolerances
GI anaphylaxis
Allergic eosinophilic esophagitis
Food protein enteropathy and food protein enterocolitis/proctitis
Oral allergy syndrome
Leaky gut syndrome
Lactose intolerance
Interaction of digestive and immune systems
Regulatory T cells
Peripherally induced regulatory T cells
Toll-like receptors
Digestion and immune health in normal well beings and diseases
Cancers
Colitis
Conclusion
References
6 - Influence of diet on gastrointestinal immunology
Introduction
Immune cells at the gastrointestinal border
Influence of gut microbiota on immune system of gastrointestinal tract
Role of diet in immune homeostasis of the gut
Diet related dysbiosis and inflammatory diseases
Immunonutrition in the treatment of dysbiosis-related diseases
Concluding remarks
References
7 - Immune dysregulation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Introduction to the spectrum of NAFLD
Molecular pathology of NASH
Liver damage and immune activation
Extrahepatic factors triggering inflammation in NASH
Innate immunity and NASH
Adaptive immunity and NASH
Therapeutic interventions to control inflammation in NASH
Conclusion
References
Further reading
8 - Digestion and inflammatory responses
Introduction
Digestive system
Physiology of digestion
Pathological condition
Impact of inflammation in pathological condition
Implication of inflammation in digestion
Conclusion
References
9 - Digestion and gut microbiome
Introduction
Digestion
Digestive activities in the GI tract
Digestive enzymes
Digestion by saliva
Protein and fat digestion
The pancreas: factory for digestive enzymes
Bile salts support in digestion of fat
The enzyme–microbiome linkage
Gut microbiome
Biodiversity of gut microbiota
Effect of antibiotics on gut microbiota
Effect of loss of gut microbiota
Gut microbiome and digestive enzymes
Gut microbiome and SARS-CoV-2
Metabolic diseases related to digestive enzyme defects
Gut microbiome and digestive enzymes
Fatty liver
Dysbiosis
Type I diabetes mellitus
Type II diabetes mellitus
Obesity
How defective digestive enzymes/altered gut microbiome affects immune health
Digestive enzymes as supplements to boost immune health/gut microbiota
Conclusion
References
10 - Hyperlipidemia in cardiovascular health and digestion
Introduction
Lipases
Pancreatic lipase
Lipoprotein lipase
Hepatic lipase
Endothelial lipase
Therapeutic use of digestive (pancreatic) lipase preparations
Inhibition of lipase activity—control of infection and management of obesity
Antimicrobial action
Antiobesity effect
Stimulation of lipase activity
Conclusion
References
Further reading
11 - Role of food structure in digestion and health
Introduction
Food as colloid
Food as emulsion
Association of food structure to sensory reception
Association of food structure to digestion and health
General food digestion process
Oral digestion
Gastric digestion
Intestinal digestion
Properties of food influencing digestion process
Biochemical disintegration is determined by chemistry of food matrix
Food transit in GI tract is regulated by food structure
Mass transfer process determined by food structure
Release of nutrients and Its bioavailability during digestion
Role of food structure in lipid digestion
Interaction of starch in food material and digestion
Structure of starch
Physicochemical properties of starch
Starch—lipid interaction
Digestibility of starch
Behavior of protein in food matrix
Protein interaction
Bioactive peptides as functional food and their bioavailability
Food matrix—peptide interaction
Role of food structure on bioavailability of microcomponents
Carotenes
Lycopene
Folate
Polyphenols
Antioxidants
Modulation of food structure to improve digestion and health promoting behavior of food
Effect of protein structuring, composition, and source on digestion
Effect of emulsion structure in lipid digestion
Association of RDS, SDS, and RS on efficient digestion and health benefits
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
12 - High-fat diet and constipation
Introduction
High-fat diet is a risk for functional constipation in children
High dietary saturated fat intake and constipation
HFD-induced constipation in mice
Role of mucus in the pathogenesis of constipation
Role of microbiota in HFD-induced constipation
Conclusion
References
13 - Effect of functional food ingredients on nutrient absorption and digestion
Introduction
Dietary fiber
Phytosterols
Polyphenolic compounds
Glucosinolates
Phytic acid
Medium-chain triglycerides
Soy proteins
References
C - Indigestion problems
14 - Impact of helicobacter pylori on human physiology and digestive disorders
Introduction
Epidemiology
Effect of H. pylori on human physiology
Effect of H. pylori on digestive disorders
Gastro-duodenal ulcer
Gastric cancer
MALT lymphoma
Dyspepsia
Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease
Barrett's esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Celiac disease
Iron deficiency anemia
Conclusions
References
D - Traditional and conventional ethnic foods
15 - Role of turmeric and cinnamon spices in digestive, metabolic, and immune systems
Introduction
Turmeric: a brief overview
Benefits of turmeric for stomach problems/digestive disorder
Dyspepsia
Irritable bowel diseases
Effects of turmeric on the metabolism
Turmeric as immune booster
Cinnamon: an overview
Major chemical constituents
Effect of cinnamon on digestive system and metabolic disorder
Immunomodulatory effect of cinnamon
Summary
References
Further reading
16 - Ayurvedic digestion recipes—Jal Jeera and Churan
Introduction
Concept and practice of wholesome food (pathya) in ayurveda
Use of digestives in traditional practices and Ayurveda
Healthy and refreshing Jal jeera
Preparation of Jal jeera
Method of preparation of Jal Jeera
Jal jeera churan (dry powder) and other popular forms
Health benefits of Jal jeera and Churan
Other popular digestive nutraceuticals containing Jal jeera components
Salted ginger
Hing golis
Tamarind golis
Amla pachak papad
Amla patties
Sol kadhi/Kokum kadhi
Spicy rasam
Pharmacological profile of common ingredients of Jal jeera
Ayurvedic profile
Experimental evidences on modulation of digestion and metabolism by the common ingredients of jal jeera
Cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum L.)
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.)
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Mint leaves (Mentha piperita L. and Mentha spicata L.)
Conclusion
References
17 - Kimchi and other fermented foods for gastrointestinal health
Introduction
Kimchi
Doenjang and Cheonggukjang
Other fermented products
Fermentation methods
Lactic acid bacteria and their functional properties in Korean fermented food
Lactic acid bacteria
Kimchi
Doenjang
Cheonggukjang
Functional properties
Health benefits of Kimchi, Doenjang, and Cheonggukjang
Kimchi
Doenjang
Cheonggukjang
Korean fermented food for gastrointestinal health
Gut microbiota
Clinical evidence
Quality and safety control
Conclusion
Method statement
References
18 - Pyroglutamyl peptides in Japanese fermented foods and protein hydrolysate enhance production of host-antimicro ...
Introduction
Traditional Japanese seasonings
Generation of pyroglutamyl peptides
Effects of pyroglutamyl peptides on gut microbiota and colitis
Mechanism of effect of pyroGlu-Leu on gut microbiota
Impact of Japanese foods and protein hydrolysate on gut microbiota
References
19 - Jackfruit and its beneficial effects in boosting digestion and immune-enhancing properties
Introduction
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam)
Morphology
Nutrition value and chemical composition
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Secondary metabolites
Minerals and vitamins
Therapeutic values of jackfruit
Dietary fibers of jackfruit/seeds helps in digestion
Jackfruit extract inhibits hemoglobin glycation and protects internal organs
Low glycemic index by jackfruit could be due to the presence of antioxidants such as vitamin C, β-carotene, and lycopene
Immunomodulatory effect of jackfruit could be due to the presence of lectins
Jacalin
Artin M (KM+/artocarpin)
Immunomodulatory role of Jacalin and Artin M
Jacalin and Artin M from jackfruit prevent many infectious diseases and fight against cancerous and tumorous cell prolifera ...
Jacalin inhibits viral infections by inducing the activity of cytotoxic immune cells
Jacalin exhibits anticancer activity by binding to T-antigen of cancerous cells and inhibits the growth of cancer cells
Artin M provides the protection against wide range of fungal pathogens by stimulating proinflammatory cytokines
Oligopeptides from jackfruit and seed regulate immune response by stimulating T-helper cell, cytokine secretion, and antibo ...
Conclusion
References
20 - Combatting chronic metabolic disorders and delaying aging by improving glucose-insulin metabolism and fat accu ...
Introduction
Historical perspective
More evidence that surplus dietary refined carbohydrates, fats, and calories cause serious metabolic perturbations
Detailing dietary constituents
IR and FM accumulation during continuum of risks period
Paradox of aging
Therapeutic interventions to maintain an optimal-working glucose–insulin system over a lifespan
Diet
Kidney—SGLT2 inhibitors
Gastrointestinal tract—CHO blockers
Other potential carb blocker
References
E - Digestive enzymes
21 - Efficacy of N-SORB, a proprietary KD120 MEC metabolically activated enzyme formulation in digestion: a randomi ...
Introduction
Materials and methods
Clinical investigation layout
Recruitment of subjects, allocation, and drop-outs
The KD120 MEC prodosomed multienzyme complex
First visit and initial screening
Determination of lean, fat, and bone mineral mass
Hematological and serum cytokine analyses
Pittsburg sleep quality index and quality of life
Adverse events
Recording of compliance
Statistical analysis
Independent case studies
Results
Clinical investigation
Body composition analyses
Hematological parameters, blood pressure, and cytokine levels
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and WHO quality of life-BREF assessment
Independent case studies
Discussion
Conflict of interests and funding
References
F - Digestive drugs, nutraceuticals and novel formulations
22 - Fat-soluble vitamins: the key role players in immunomodulation and digestion
Introduction
An overview on immunity
Common sources and biochemical characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Various effects on immunomodulatory functions
Role of vitamin A
Effects on development of lymphoid tissue
Role in lymphocyte maturation and differentiation
Balancing action on immune response
Role in the maturation of different lymphocytes
Effects on B cell maturation and antibody production
Effects on innate immunity
Role of vitamin D
Role in maturation and protection of immune responsive cells
Effects on innate immunity
Modulation of the inflammatory response
Dynamic effects on immune functions
Preventive actions against autoimmune diseases
Protection against inflammatory bowel diseases
Role of vitamin E
Antioxidant property and improvement of immunity
Effects on intracellular signaling
Effects on T cell activity and adaptive immunity
Antiinflammatory effects
Role of vitamin K
Effects on complement activation
Antiinflammatory effects
Concluding remarks
References
23 - Health benefits of inulin-type fructan on gut microbiome, digestive health, immunity, and nutrition
Introduction
Inulin-type fructan
Fermentation of inulin-type fructan by intestinal bacteria
Nutritional function of inulin-type fructan
Effect on the intestinal environment
Effect of inulin-type fructan on blood glucose, lipid, blood pressure, and appetite
Effect on the immune system
Summary
References
24 - Gut health benefits of licorice and its flavonoids as dietary supplements
Significance of licorice for gut health in traditional systems of medicine
India, China and Europe
Monographs on licorice
Key chemical constituents of licorice
Scientific classification
Morphology of G. glabra
Phytochemistry and bioactive compounds
Use of licorice in dietary supplements
Deglycyrrhizinated licorice for gut health
Key issues with classical deglycyrrhizinated products
Preclinical data on gut health benefits of licorice: biological activities of licorice flavonoids
Licorice as a prebiotic for the homeostasis of gastrointestinal microbiota
Effects of licorice on pathogenic/beneficial organisms from oral cavity to colon
Benefits of combining probiotics with licorice
Combination of licorice with probiotics and its effects on human and animals health
Effects of licorice with probiotics in food and beverages
Products containing licorice with probiotics in the market for gut health (Fig. 24.5)
Clinical summary of licorice containing supplements for gut health
Regulatory and safety considerations
Safety of licorice
Conclusion
References
25 - Prebiotics and probiotics in prevention of food allergy
Introduction
Fetal immunity responses to prebiotics and probiotics
Probiotics
Criteria for probiotics
Probiotic microbes
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacteria
Saccharomyces boulardii
Streptococcus thermophilus
Enterococcus faecium
Leuconostoc
Sources of probiotics
Food
Dietary supplements
Chocolate
Commercially available nondairy based probiotic products
Fruit and vegetables as probiotic product
Cereals as probiotic product
Probiotics—mechanism of action
Prebiotics
Types of prebiotics
Fructans
Galactooligosaccharides
Starch and glucose-derived oligosaccharides
Other oligosaccharides
Noncarbohydrate oligosaccharides
Types of prebiotics
β-glucan
FOS, oligofructose, and inulin
Galactooligosaccharide
Isomaltooligosaccharides
Guar gum
Lactulose
Resistant starches and maltodextrin
Xylooligosaccharides
Prebiotics—mode of action
Food allergy
Global scenario of food allergy
Childhood food allergy
Adult food allergy
Causes and clinical symptoms of food allergy
Gut microbiome and food allergy relation
Prevention of food allergy by probiotics
Role of probiotics in the treatment of food allergy—case studies
Role of prebiotics in preventing food allergy
Conclusion
References
Further reading
26 - Nutraceutical and phytopharmaceuticals in immune health
Introduction
Food plants as a source for nutraceuticals
Curcuma longa, the Asian gold
Punica granatum, the divine fruit
Moringa oleifera, the miracle tree
Immunomodulatory potential of phytochemicals
Immunomodulatory properties of Curcuma longa
Immunomodulatory properties of Punica granatum
Immunomodulatory properties of Moringa oleifera
Digestion and bioavailability of bioactive phytochemicals derived from Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, and Punica granatum
Curcumin available to body tissues
Bioavailability of pomegranate-derived components
Bioavailability of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals
Retention of immunomodulatory effects by metabolites following passage through the gastrointestinal tract
Conclusion
References
27 - Nutraceuticals in digestive therapy
Introduction
The relationship of digestive tract and health: genetic, gut–brain axis, diet, environment, and lifestyle (Fig. 27.1)
The gut microbiota and gut barrier
Lifestyle, environment, and type of diet
Human genetic variation
Gut–brain axis
Summary
Digestive health and food bioactives
Inflammatory bowel disease
Anthocyanins
Proanthocyanidins
Curcumin
Сatechins
Ellagic acid
Gallic acid
Resveratrol
Irritable bowel syndrome
Intestinal permeability
Functional dyspepsia
The motility of the gastrointestinal tract
Cancer
H. pylori infection
Berry, fruits, and vegetables
Herbs
Phytocomponents
Summary
Conclusion
References
28 - Role of probiotics and prebiotics in digestion, metabolism, and immunity
Introduction
Development of human microbiota
Probiotics and prebiotics in digestion
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
Lactose intolerance
Constipation
Probiotics and prebiotics in metabolism
Catabolism of carbohydrate
Diabetes mellitus
Protein metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Bile acid metabolism
Vitamin synthesis
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B3
Vitamin B5
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B7
Vitamin B9
Vitamin B12
Probiotics and prebiotics in immunity
Secretion of antimicrobial substances
Compete for the adhesion sites and nutritional sources
Enhancement of intestinal barrier function
Role of probiotics and prebiotics in immunomodulation
Safety of probiotics and prebiotics
Conclusion
References
29 - Edible insects and gut health
Introduction
Insect components for gut health
Effect of insect components on human gut health
Effect of insect components on human health and immunity
Consumer behavior and acceptance of edible insects as food
Potential risks of entomophagy
Future prospective
References
Commentary: A treatise on digestive health
Introduction
Digestive disorders
Detection strategies
Therapeutic interventions
Digestive disorder statistics
Gastrointestinal disease cost
Concluding remarks
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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