Nutraceuticals for Aging and Anti-Aging: Basic Understanding and Clinical Evidence

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1 Trends in the Functional Food Market and Nutraceutical Product Development
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification
1.3 Functional food categories and ingredients
1.4 Formulation approaches
1.5 Functional food market
1.6 Regulatory guidelines of functional food in different countries
References
2 Importance of Integrative Health Sciences in Antiaging Nutraceutical Development
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wisdom of antiaging in ancient health sciences
2.3 Contribution of cognition, intelligence, perception, psychology, and emotional intelligence in antiaging
2.4 Impact of time and space elements in antiaging
2.5 Spiritual science of antiaging
2.6 Role of Rasayana Ayurveda (Indian System of Medicine) in antiaging nutraceutical development
2.7 Role of Ashtanga Yoga in antiaging nutraceutical development
2.8 Role of traditional Chinese medicine in antiaging nutraceutical development
References
3 Ayurvedic Perspective of Aging and Antiaging with Special Reference to Rasayana
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Concept of aging in Ayurveda
3.3 Classification of age
3.4 Characteristics of aging
3.5 Types of aging
3.6 Sequential loss of biological attributes in aging
3.7 Key factors affecting aging
3.8 Dosha and aging
3.9 Dhatu and aging
3.10 Mala and aging
3.11 Agni and aging
3.12 Ojas and aging
3.13 Prakriti and aging
3.14 Mind and aging
3.15 Diet, lifestyle, and aging
3.16 Mechanism of aging
3.17 Antiaging: key to positive health
3.18 Concept of antiaging in Ayurveda
3.19 Rasayana definition
3.20 Classification of Rasayana
3.21 Types of Rasayana treatment
3.22 Mode of action
3.23 Role of Rasayana in healthy aging
3.24 Decade-wise selection of Rasayana
3.25 Rasayana selection according to seven dhatus (tissue-specific)
3.26 Vayasthapana herbs
3.27 Summary
References
4 Changes in the Regulation of Energy Metabolism with Aging Nutraceutical Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The metabolism of energy
4.1.1.1 Basic terms of the metabolism of energy
4.2 ATP
4.2.1 The role of organs in the metabolism of energy
4.2.1.1 Liver
4.2.2 Further organs
4.2.2.1 Kidneys
4.2.2.2 Skeletal muscles
4.2.2.3 Adipose tissue
4.2.2.4 Brain
4.2.3 Human metabolism of nutrients
4.2.4 Energy metabolism historical review
4.3 What is the regulation of energy metabolism?
4.4 How energy metabolism gets affected during aging processes?
4.5 What are the outcomes of the loss of such activity?
4.6 Other materials used in recovery?
4.6.1 Functional food
4.6.2 Medical foods
4.6.3 Dietary supplements
4.7 How can nutraceuticals help in recovery?
4.8 Conclusion
References
5 Neurodegenerative and Cognition Losses during Aging (Memory) and Nutraceuticals
5.1 What are the neurodegenerative and cognition losses during aging?
5.2 Omega-3 fatty acids
5.3 Polyphenols
5.4 Flavonoids
5.5 Carotenoids
5.6 Probiotics
5.7 Ginseng
5.8 Garlic
5.9 Vitamins
References
6 Nutraceutical Activation of the Transcription Factor Nrf2 as a Potential Approach for Modulation of Aging
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The role of Nrf2 in reducing oxidative stress
6.3 The role of Nrf2 in aging
6.4 The beneficial properties of flavonoids
6.5 The effect of flavonoids on Nrf2 expression
6.6 Quercetin
6.7 Tangeretin
6.8 Resveratrol
6.9 Caffeic acid
6.10 Epigallocatechin gallate
6.11 Gallic acid
6.12 Luteolin
6.13 7-O-methylbiochanin A
6.14 Conclusion
References
7 Nutraceuticals Against Neurodegeneration: Understanding the Mechanistic Pathways
Acronyms
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Alzheimer’s disease
7.1.2 Parkinson’s disease
7.1.3 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
7.1.4 Huntington’s disease
7.2 Mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration
7.2.1 Mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated neuronal damage
7.2.2 Intracellular calcium overload-mediated neuronal damage
7.2.3 Oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage
7.2.4 Inflammation-mediated neuronal damage
7.2.5 DNA damage-mediated neuronal damage
7.3 Nutraceuticals against neurodegeneration
7.3.1 Curcumin
7.3.2 Resveratrol
7.3.3 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)
7.3.4 Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)
7.3.5 Quercetin
7.3.6 Hesperidin
7.3.7 Vitamin C
7.3.8 Vitamin D
7.3.9 Vitamin E
7.3.10 Ginsenosides
7.3.11 Polyunsaturated fatty acids
7.4 Concluding remarks
References
8 Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals in the Management of Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinological Challenges in Aging and Nutraceuticals
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Aging mannerisms and endocrine applicability
8.2.1 Ayurveda concept of antiaging
8.2.2 Endocrine hormones and antiaging process
8.2.2.1 Growth hormone
8.2.3 Melatonin
8.2.4 Testosterone
8.2.5 Dihydroepiandrosterone
8.2.6 Endocrine disorders and nutraceuticals
8.2.7 Dyslipidaemia and obesity
8.2.7.1 Tinospora cordifolia
8.2.7.2 Cyperus rotundus
8.2.7.3 Takrarishta
8.2.7.4 Honey
8.2.7.5 Vidanga
8.2.7.6 Hordeum vulgare
8.2.7.7 Emblica officilnalis
8.2.7.8 Terminalia chebula
8.3 Osteoporosis
8.3.1 Cedrus deodara
8.3.2 Gmelina arborea
8.3.3 Vitis vinifera
8.3.4 Asparagus racemosus
8.3.5 Boerhavia diffusa
8.3.6 Cynodon dactylon
8.3.7 Curcumin longa
8.3.8 Terminalia chebula
8.3.9 Glycyrrhiza glabra
8.4 Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
8.5 Diabetes mellitus
8.5.1 Emblica officinalis
8.5.2 Symplocus racemosus
8.5.3 Terminalia chebula
8.5.4 Curcuma longa
8.5.5 Cedrus deodara
8.5.6 Tinospora cordifolia
8.5.7 Terminalia bellerica
8.5.8 Plumbago zeylanica
8.5.9 Holarrhena antidysenterica
8.5.10 Berberis aristata
8.5.10.1 Honey
8.6 Challenges in the promotion of nutraceuticals as antiaging
References
9 Molecular Mechanisms to Understand Aging and Immune Function and Nutraceutical Interventions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Innate (nonspecific) immunity
9.2.1 Neutrophils
9.2.2 Macrophages
9.2.3 Microglia
9.2.4 Dendritic cells
9.2.5 Natural killer cells
9.3 Adaptive (specific) immunity
9.3.1 B cells
9.3.2 T cells
9.4 Intervention of nutraceuticals in aging
9.4.1 Micronutrients
9.4.1.1 Zinc
9.4.1.2 Copper
9.4.1.3 Iron
9.4.1.4 Selenium
9.4.2 Prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics
9.4.3 Dietary lipids
9.4.4 Polyphenols
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 A Transdisciplinary Approach for Ocular Aging Based on Nutritional Principles in Ayurveda
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Netra (EYE) – Ayurvedic perspective
10.2.1 Etymological derivations and synonyms of the eye in Ayurveda texts
10.2.2 Predominance of Mahabhoota in the eye
10.2.3 Association of Tridosha and ocular health
10.2.3.1 Vata Dosha
10.2.3.2 Pitta dosha
10.2.3.3 Kapha dosha
10.3 Physiology of vision
10.3.1 Contact of an object with the sense organ (Indriyarthasannikarsha)
10.3.2 Analysis of object (Roopalochanam)
10.3.3 Stage of knowledge (Dnyanotpatti)
10.3.4 Visual perceptions
10.4 Theory of aging in conventional science
10.4.1 Chronological aging
10.4.2 Biological aging
10.4.3 Programmed theory
10.4.3.1 Programmed longevity
10.4.3.2 Endocrine theory
10.4.3.3 Immunological theory
10.4.4 Damage/error theory
10.4.4.1 Wear and tear theory
10.4.4.2 Rate of living theory
10.4.4.3 Cross-linking theory
10.4.4.4 Free radical theory
10.4.5 Somatic DNA damage theory
10.5 Aging in Ayurveda
10.5.1 Ayu
10.5.2 Physiology of aging in Ayurveda
10.5.3 Aging and dhatu
10.5.4 Oja vis-à-vis aging
10.5.5 Oja vis-à-vis immunity
10.5.6 Dosha and Immunity
10.6 Ocular immunity
10.6.1 Mucosal immunity
10.6.2 Anterior chamber
10.6.3 Cornea
10.6.4 Ocular allergy
10.6.5 Dry eye syndromes
10.6.6 Infections to the eye
10.7 Ocular aging
10.7.1 Eyelids and lacrimal system
10.7.2 Corneal changes
10.7.3 Trabecular meshwork and uveal changes
10.7.4 Lens
10.7.5 Vitreous
10.7.6 Retina
10.8 Clinical conditions due to aging and immunity
10.8.1 Cataract: The most common condition in ocular aging
10.8.2 Ocular malignancies
10.9 Aetiology as per Ayurveda in current lifestyle
10.10 Pathogenesis vis-à-vis dietary misconduct in ophthalmic disorders
10.11 Ayurveda guidelines for ocular diseases with nutraceutical perspectives
10.12 Do’s and don’ts in eye diseases as per Ayurveda
10.13 Dietary recommendations for maintaining healthy ocular functions
10.14 Ocular surface microbiome (OSM) – A link for therapeutic activity of Kriya-kalpa in netraroga
10.15 Summary
References
11 Nutritional Psychiatry as Basis of Nutraceutical Development for Mental Illness in Aging Population
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Role of various micronutrients on mental nourishment and metabolism in psychology
11.3 General Ayurvedic dietary guidelines
11.4 Role of Rasa (tastes) in psychological health
11.5 Liaison of nutrition and sleep
11.6 Ayurvedic view on sleep nutrition and geriatric psychiatry
11.7 Ayurvedic nutraceutical concept for sleep disorders in geriatric psychiatry
11.8 Bright features of the nutraceuticals in Ayurvedic preparations
11.9 Nootropic herbs used in diet and medicine preparation of geriatric psychological management
References
12 Skeletomuscular Losses in Aging and Nutraceuticals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Skeletal muscle loss with aging (Sarcopenia)
12.2.1 Gross morphological changes
12.2.2 Physiological changes in sarcopenia
12.2.3 Changes at the molecular level
12.3 Bone loss in aging (osteopenia or osteoporosis)
12.3.1 Gross morphological changes
12.3.2 Physiological changes
12.3.3 Changes at the molecular level
12.4 Techniques measurement for muscle and bone loss
12.4.1 Assessment of body composition
12.4.2 Anthropometry
12.4.3 Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
12.4.4 Quantitative imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis and sarcopenia
12.4.4.1 DXA for measurement of osteoporosis and sarcopenia
12.4.4.2 Computed tomography (CT)
12.4.4.3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
12.4.4.4 Ultrasound
12.5 Nutraceuticals
12.5.1 Nutraceuticals for bone health
12.5.1.1 Minerals
12.5.1.2 Herbs and phytochemicals
12.5.1.3 Dietary products
12.5.1.4 Miscellaneous
12.5.2 Nutraceuticals for muscle health
12.5.2.1 Amino acid supplements and its metabolites
12.5.2.2 Micronutrients
12.5.2.3 Miscellaneous
12.6 Conclusion and future direction
References
13 Nutritional Psychiatry in Aging: Leads from Ayurveda with Clinical Evidence
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Process of cognition
13.3 Prakriti (constitution) and features associated with mental aging
13.4 Nutritional beginning of psyche development
13.5 Food and cognition
13.6 Dietary products or nutritional supplement
13.7 Food articles: Soups, salads, yavagu (base of Rice) and yusha (base of legumes)
13.8 Extracts
13.9 Ksheerpaka: herbal milk/latte
13.10 Siddha ghrita
13.11 Herbo-minerals drugs
13.12 Challenges and future scope
13.13 Summary
References
14 Epigenetics and Aging
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The role of epigenetics in aging
14.2.1 DNA methylation in aging
14.2.2 Histone modifications in aging
14.2.3 Noncoding RNA in aging
14.3 The role of epigenetics in age-related diseases
14.4 Cellular, animal and insect models to get insights of epigenetics in aging
14.5 Effect of nutrition on epigenetic alteration and aging
14.5.1 Flavonoids
14.5.1.1 Curcumin
14.5.1.2 Quercetin
14.5.1.3 Apigenin
14.5.2 Polyphenol catechins
14.5.2.1 Epigallocatechingallate (EGCG)
14.5.3 Stillbenoids
14.5.3.1 Resveratrol
14.5.3.2 Pterostilbene
14.5.4 Isoflavonoids
14.5.4.1 Genistein
14.5.5 Isothiocyanates
14.5.5.1 Sulforaphane
14.5.6 Short-chain fatty acids
14.5.6.1 Butyrate
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 Cancer during Aging and Nutraceuticals for Prevention and Mitigation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Aging: a high-risk factor for cancer
15.2.1 Intrinsic, extrinsic, or inherited mutations, genetic instability and epigenetic alterations
15.2.2 Dysregulated “Hayflick limit”, senescence and telomere shortening
15.2.3 Compromised immunity
15.2.4 Dysregulated proteostasis and Autophagy malfunction
15.2.5 Dysfunctional cell purging and cell competition
15.2.6 Decontrolled nutrient sensing and mitochondrial malfunction
15.2.7 Age-related frailty
15.3 Common mechanisms and molecular targets of chemopreventive and anticancer nutraceuticals
15.3.1 Oxidative stress regulation
15.3.2 Cytoprotective enzyme activation and defense mechanisms
15.3.2.1 Inhibition of phase I metabolizing enzymes
15.3.2.2 Induction of phase II metabolizing enzymes
15.3.3 Modulation in signal transduction
15.3.4 Cell apoptosis
15.3.5 Senolytic and anti-senescence activity
15.4 Nutraceuticals for prevention, treatment and mitigation of cancer in the geriatric population
15.4.1 Polyphenols
15.4.2 Terpenoids (terpenes)
15.4.3 Alkaloids
15.4.4 Organosulphur compounds
15.4.5 Vitamins, micronutrients and minerals
15.4.6 Probiotics and prebiotics
15.4.7 Oryzanol
15.5 Recent novel approaches for enhanced nutraceutical efficacy
15.6 Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
16 Gastrointestinal Tract and Digestion Challenges in Aging and Nutraceuticals
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The aging GIT
16.2.1 Effect of aging on gastrointestinal motor functions
16.2.1.1 Esophageal motility
16.2.1.2 Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit
16.2.1.3 Colonic transit
16.2.2 Effect of aging on gastrointestinal histology
16.2.2.1 Gastrointestinal mucosal growth control
16.2.2.2 Gastrointestinal carcinogenesis
16.2.2.3 Gastric changes
16.2.2.4 Small bowel changes
16.3 Malnutrition and the aging GIT
16.3.1 Causes of malnutrition in the elderly
16.3.1.1 Physiological decline
16.3.1.2 Appetite
16.3.1.3 Taste and smell
16.3.1.4 Mastication and swallowing
16.3.1.5 Diseases and disabilities
16.3.1.6 Psychological factors
16.3.1.7 Lifestyle and socioeconomic status
16.3.2 Malnutrition aftereffects on the health status of the elderly
16.4 GIT disorders in the elderly
16.4.1 Functional gastrointestinal disorders
16.4.1.1 Xerostomia and dysgeusia
16.4.1.2 Dysphagia and odynophagia
16.4.1.3 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
16.4.1.4 Atrophic gastritis
16.4.1.5 Functional dyspepsia
16.4.1.6 Peptic ulcer disease
16.4.1.7 Constipation
16.4.2 Structural gastrointestinal disorders
16.4.2.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
16.4.2.2 Hemorrhoids
16.4.2.3 Diverticular disease
16.4.2.4 Colorectal cancer
16.4.2.5 Cholelithiasis
16.5 Nutraceuticals in gastrointestinal disorders
16.5.1 Dietary fiber
16.5.2 Herbs and spices
16.5.3 Antioxidant nutrients
16.5.4 Fat-soluble vitamins
16.5.5 Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics
16.5.6 Polyphenols
16.5.7 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
16.5.8 Phytosterols
16.5.9 Other nutraceuticals
16.6 Concluding remarks
Conflict of Interest
References
17 Oro-Dental Challenges during Aging and Nutraceuticals
17.1 Oral health, general health and quality of life
17.2 Age-related oral changes
17.3 Oral health problems in elder populace
17.3.1 Root carries
17.3.2 Tooth loss
17.3.3 Periodontal disease
17.3.3.1 Gingivitis
17.3.3.2 Periodontitis
17.3.4 Candidiasis
17.3.5 Xerostomia
17.3.6 Denture-related conditions
17.3.7 Oral cancer
17.4 Need for nutraceuticals for the elder
17.5 Nutraceuticals for improving oral health of elders
17.5.1 Vitamins
17.5.1.1 Vitamin A
17.5.1.2 Vitamin D
17.5.1.3 Vitamin C
17.5.1.4 Vitamin E
17.5.1.5 Vitamin B complex
17.5.2 Minerals
17.5.3 Polyphenols
17.5.4 Curcumin
17.5.5 Flavonoids
17.5.6 Tea
17.5.7 Carotenoids
17.5.8 Probiotics
17.5.9 Coenzyme Q10
17.5.10 Resveratrol
17.5.11 Cranberry
17.5.12 Aloe vera
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Role of Nutraceuticals in Human Postnatal Stem Cell Aging
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Replicative senescence
18.1.2 Stress-induced premature senescence
18.1.3 Mechanism of senescence
18.1.4 Senescence-associated secretory phenotype
18.1.5 Mechanism of SASP
18.2 Features of cellular senescence
18.2.1 SA ß-galactosidase activity
18.2.2 Morphological changes
18.2.3 Cell cycle arrest
18.2.4 Nuclear shape
18.3 Mesenchymal stem cells
18.3.1 Mesenchymal stem cells and senescence
18.3.2 Implications of senescence on MSC function
18.3.3 Senescence regulation by senolytics and senostatics
18.4 Nutraceutical-based senolytics and senostatics
18.4.1 Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
18.4.2 Curcumin
18.4.3 Quercetin
18.4.4 Olive phenols
18.4.5 Green tea catechins
18.4.6 Fisetin
18.4.7 Resveratol
18.4.8 Naringin
18.4.9 Herbs as senostatics
18.5 Conclusion and future direction
Acknowledgement
References
19 Nutraceuticals and Challenges Faced by Aging Populations in U.S. Nursing Homes
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Role of med-tech in nursing homes
19.3 Nutraceuticals, herbal medicines, and functional foods
19.4 Role of nutrition in aging populations
19.5 Challenges faced by aging populations in nursing homes
19.6 Concept of nutraceuticals, herbal medicine, and functional food in aging populations
19.7 Increasing consumption of herbal products by aging populations
19.8 Nutraceuticals/functional foods: Dementia and blood flow
19.9 Dementia and flavonoids
19.10 Challenges with cerebral functions in aging populations
19.11 Warfarin and nutraceuticals
19.12 Flavonoid-based nutraceuticals for aging populations
19.13 Nutraceuticals/functional foods: memory loss
19.14 Ginkgo Biloba-Based nutraceuticals and cognitive functions in aging populations
19.15 Herbal medicine: marijuana in older adults
19.16 CBD products and aging populations in nursing homes
19.17 Herbal medicine: why marijuana?
19.18 Cost effectiveness: Pharmaceuticals
19.19 Cost effectiveness: Nutraceuticals
19.20 Conclusion
References
20 Neurodegenerative Mechanistic Pathways with Focus on Ayurveda Point of View and Applications of Nutraceuticals
20.1 Neurodegeneration
20.1.1 Dysfunction of the macroautophagy pathway
20.1.2 Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration
20.2 Calcium dysregulation in the mechanism of neurodegenerative disease
20.3 Secondary effects of Ca[sup(2+)] in neurodegeneration
20.4 Neuronal Regeneration
20.5 Experimental approaches to stimulate neuronal/axonal regeneration in CNS
20.6 Insight into neuronal regeneration from traditional medicinal system
20.7 Nutraceuticals in the traditional eastern plants and practices
20.8 How nutraceuticals help achieve balance for the body
Acknowledgement
References
21 Regulations and Intellectual Property Rights in Anti-aging Nutraceuticals
21.1 Introduction
21.2 IPR and nutraceuticals industry
21.3 Market exclusivity
21.4 Country-specific regulations for nutraceuticals
21.4.1 United States of America (USA)
21.4.2 European Union (EU)
21.4.3 India
21.4.4 Canada
21.4.5 Japan
21.4.6 Australia
21.4.7 Russia
21.4.8 China
21.5 Country-specific IP norms for nutraceuticals
21.6 International treaties and convention
21.6.1 The Nagoya Protocol
21.6.2 WIPO: The Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore
21.6.3 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
21.7 Conclusion
References
22 Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals in the Management of Endocrine Disorders
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals
22.2.1 Nutraceuticals in endocrine disease
22.2.2 Linking endocrine disease and nutraceuticals and nutrition
22.3 Nutraceutical/dietary supplements in endocrine disorder
22.3.1 Diabetes
22.3.1.1 Nutraceutical antidiabetic herbs
22.3.2 Metabolic syndrome (MetS)
22.3.2.1 Functional foods: Plant proteins
22.3.2.2 Lupin
22.3.2.3 Soy proteins
22.3.2.4 Prebiotics, symbiotic and the major traits of metabolic syndrome
22.3.2.5 Vitamin D
22.3.2.6 Curcumin
22.3.2.7 Red yeast rice (RYR)
22.3.3 Obesity
22.3.4 Thyroid disorders
22.3.4.1 Carnitine
22.3.4.2 Resveratrol
22.3.4.3 Selenium
22.3.5 Bone disorders
22.3.5.1 Rickets/osteomalacia
22.3.5.2 Osteoporosis
22.3.5.3 Fluorosis
22.3.6 Gonadal disorders
22.3.7 Growth disorders
22.4 The future of nutraceuticals
22.5 Conclusion
References
23 Disorders of the Urogenital System in Aging and Nutraceuticals
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Multifaceted mechanisms of the aging process
23.2 Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals
23.2.1 Dietary supplements
23.2.2 The geriatric population
23.2.3 Nutrient adequacy and supplement use
23.3 Geriatric urology
23.3.1 Urinary incontinence
23.3.2 Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
23.3.3 Prostate diseases
23.3.4 Other genitourinary malignancies
23.3.5 Sexual dysfunction
23.4 Nutritional consideration for elderly
23.4.1 Nutritional supplements
23.4.1.1 Protein
23.4.1.2 Potassium
23.4.2 Supplementary dietary botanicals for geriatrics
23.4.2.1 Cranberry and oregano for longevity promotion
23.4.2.2 Nectarine and acai for lifespan extension
23.4.2.3 Herbal supplements like Ginseng, Yohimbine and Icariin
23.4.2.4 Saw Palmetto
23.4.2.5 African plum tree
23.4.2.6 Pumpkin seed
23.4.2.7 Rye pollen
23.4.2.8 Stinging nettle
23.4.2.9 South African star Grass
23.4.2.10 Quercetin
23.4.2.11 PC-SPES and imitators
23.4.3 Micronutrients and multivitamins
23.4.3.1 Zinc
23.4.3.2 Selenium
23.4.3.3 Vitamin E
23.4.3.4 Vitamin D
23.4.3.5 Low fat
23.5 Conclusion
References
24 Nutrient Supplements in the Treatment of Mental Disorders in the Aging Population
24.1 General introduction
24.2 Probiotics, prebiotic supplements and aging population
24.2.1 Gut microbiota, the basis of probiotic and prebiotic supplements
24.2.2 Probiotics and prebiotics
24.2.3 Probiotics and prebiotics in the elderly: Clinical evidence
24.2.4 Probiotics and prebiotics in mental health
24.3 The role of antioxidants and amino acids in the mental health of the elderly
24.3.1 The importance of antioxidants in our diet
24.3.2 Classification of antioxidants
24.3.3 Oxidative stress, antioxidants and brain health
24.3.4 Restoration of levels of antioxidants
24.3.5 Amino acid supplementation in the mental health of the elderly
24.4 The role of vitamins and minerals as nutrient supplements (nutraceuticals) in the treatment of mental disorders in the aging population
24.4.1 The basis for the use vitamins and minerals in mental health
24.4.2 The use of vitamins in depression
24.4.3 Vitamins use in bipolar disorders
24.4.4 The use of minerals and vitamins in schizophrenia
24.5 The roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as nutrients supplement in the treatment of mental disorders in aging population
24.5.1 Overview of the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as nutrients supplements
24.5.2 Types of PUFAs and their sources
24.5.3 Relation of PUFA to mental disorders
24.5.4 The role of PUFAs in depression
24.5.5 The role of PUFAs in schizophrenia
24.5.6 The role of PUFAs in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD)
24.5.7 The role of PUFAs in dementia syndrome
24.5.8 The role of PUFAs in bipolar disorder
24.6 Conclusion and future considerations
References
25 Safety and Efficacy Determination in Antiaging Nutraceuticals
25.1 Aging
25.2 Signs of aging
25.3 Theories of aging
25.4 Free radical theory
25.5 Stochastic theory
25.6 Mitochondrial decline theory
25.7 Theory of ubiquitin proteasomal system decline
25.8 Immunologic theory
25.9 Nutraceuticals
25.10 Nutraceuticals for deficiency
25.11 Why are nutraceuticals needed?
25.12 Important nutrients for slowing the aging process
25.13 State of the art and future trend
25.14 The need for scientific rationale
25.15 Safety and efficacy
25.16 Safety and efficacy determination of antiaging nutraceuticals
25.17 Surface evaluation of living skin (SELS)
25.18 Tran epidermal water loss (TEWL)
25.19 Electroconductivity (EC)
References
Index