A Review of Post-Cold War Policy, Force Levels, and War Planning. Natural Resources Defense Council, February 2005. - 102 с.This report builds upon the extensive research conducted by independent analysts in the United States and Europe over the past several decades. Deciphering the infrastructure of nuclear operations is difficult and time consuming but a necessary and important task.
My research and writing for this report was conducted with the generous support from the Ploughshares Fund. Robert S. Norris, Thomas B. Cochran, Alexandra Kennaugh, Elliott Negin and Alistair Millar provided much needed editorial assistance. Matthew McKinzie did his magic with maps and satellite images.Executive Summary.
Large U.S. Nuclear Force Remains in Europe.
Underground Nuclear Weapons Storage Logistics.
Stockpile Upgrades Made Under Guise of Safety Concerns.
History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe.
Security Fears Trim Excessive Deployment in 1970s.
Public Uproar in mid-1980s Forces More Reductions.
Rationale for U.S. Deployment in Europe Challenged by World Events.
The 1991 Gulf War Helps Create New Justification.
New Cuts Lead to New Reaffirmation of Nuclear Role.
Nuclear Reductions Trigger Security Problems.
Nuclear Planning in Europe Modernized.
Nuclear Strike Training.
The 1994 Nuclear Posture Review.
Nuclear Deployment Reorganized.
European Changes Increase Importance of U.S. fighter bombers.
NATO Expansion East Reaffirms Status Quo.
More Safety Concerns Raise Alarm.
New Presidential Guidance But No Change.
Call for Review of NATO Policy Opens Debate.
Nuclear Burden-Sharing Begins to Unravel.
More Policy Refinement but Little Actual Change.
The 2001 Nuclear Posture Review.
Prospects for Change.
Conclusions and Recommendations.
Figures.
Locations of U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe.
Close-Up of Protective Aircraft Shelters.
Elevated Weapon Storage Vault in Hangar.
Weapon Storage Vault Loading Demonstration.
Protective Aircraft Shelter Weapon Storage Vault Location.
NATO Nuclear Weapons Maintenance Truck.
Weapon Storage Security System Modernization.
B61-4 Type 3E Trainer.
Greek Nuclear-Capable Nike Hercules.
Ground-Launched Cruise Missile.
Protective Aircraft Shelter Logistics.
Italian F-104 at Rimini Air Base.
The SILVER Books Project.
B61 Shapes Dropped at Vliehors Range.
Turkish F-16 at Balikesir Air Base.
F-15E Refueling Over Iraq.
B61 Nuclear Bomb Disassembly.
Greek A-7E Fighter-Bombers in Formation.
PA-200 Tornado at Büchel Air Base.
Büchel Air Base.
Turkish F-16 Near Hangar at Akinci Air Base.
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
Nuclear Exercise at Incirlik Air Base.
Tables.
U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe, 2005.
B61 Nuclear Bomb Characteristics.
Munitions Support Squadrons at National Air Bases.
Weapon Storage and Security System (WS3).
Regional WS3 Capacity.
Recent Modifications to U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe.
Type 3 Trainer Requirements by Location and Type.
U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe, 1954–2005.
Nuclear Weapons Training Ranges.
Host Country Air Bases With Nuclear Weapons.
Number and Readiness of NATO DCA.
Appendices.
U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe, 2005.
Planned and Current WS3 Capacity.
Portraits of NATO Nuclear Bases in Europe.
Glossary and Abbreviations.
Endnotes.
