Nuclear and Chemical Dating Techniques. Interpreting the Environmental Record

Title Page
......Page 1
Copyright
......Page 2
Dedication
......Page 3
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
1 Nuclear Dating An Historical Perspective......Page 10
2 The Contribution of Radioactive and Chemical Dating to the Understanding of the Environmental System......Page 14
Principles of Radioactive and Chemical Dating......Page 16
Interaction of Cosmic Rays with Meteorites, The Moon and The Earth's Surface......Page 17
Exposure ages......Page 18
Constancy of cosmic radiation......Page 21
Noble gas radioisotopes with T1/2>>atmospheric mixing times......Page 22
The 39 Ar dating method......Page 27
14C dating method......Page 30
Carbon Cycle Models and Disturbances......Page 31
14C fluctuations......Page 32
The 14C-dilution due to the fossil CO2 input (Suess-effect)......Page 34
Calculation of dilution factors with the box-diffusion model......Page 35
Compression of the 14C time scale around 10,000 BP......Page 42
The last 30,000 years history of the atmospheric CO2 content......Page 43
Measurements of radioisotopes of solids, directly deposited on polar ice caps......Page 46
Conclusions......Page 48
References......Page 49
3 The Application of Electrostatic Tandems to Ultrasensitive Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Dating......Page 52
The Direct Detection of Radioactive Atoms......Page 53
Features of the New Spectroscopy......Page 54
Equipment Description......Page 56
Data......Page 61
Sample Preparation......Page 64
Fractionation Effects......Page 66
10Be Measurements......Page 69
26Al......Page 70
129I......Page 73
Applications of the Technique to Age Determinations by Mass Spectrometry......Page 78
References......Page 79
4 Techniques for the Direct Measurement of Natural Beryllium-10 and Carbon-14 with a Tandem Accelerator......Page 82
The Measurement Technique......Page 83
Results to Date......Page 85
Future Work......Page 92
References......Page 94
Requirements of a Good Sample Preparation Method......Page 95
Charcoal......Page 96
Graphite......Page 97
6 Ion Probe Magnesium Isotopic Measurements of Allende Inclusions......Page 100
Analytical Procedure......Page 102
Meteoritic Samples......Page 106
Terrestrial Samples and Standardization......Page 108
Mg Isotopic Composition of Inclusions......Page 114
Allende B1 Inclusions......Page 118
Single Crystal Isochrons......Page 120
Allende Inclusion 3510......Page 122
Allende Inclusions......Page 124
Alteration......Page 125
Allende B2 Inclusions......Page 126
Allende Type A Inclusions......Page 128
Conclusions
......Page 130
Literature Cited......Page 132
7 Krypton-81-Krypton Dating by Mass Spectrometry......Page 134
The 81Kr-Kr Method......Page 135
Mass Spectrometry......Page 136
Data Analysis......Page 137
Present Applications and Prospects......Page 138
Literature Cited......Page 141
8 Laser Microprobe Argon-39-Argon-40 Dating of Individual Mineral Grains......Page 143
Laser Probe Mass Spectrometry......Page 144
Lunar Ages......Page 149
References......Page 151
9 Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy for Low-Level Counting......Page 153
Detection of Individual Daughter Atoms......Page 154
Ocean Water Circulation......Page 157
Conclusion......Page 159
Literature Cited......Page 162
10 Counters, Accelerators, and Chemistry......Page 163
THE REVOLUTION IN RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENT: COMPARISON OF METHODS......Page 164
Some Precautions and Pitfalls Associated with Non-Counting Errors......Page 168
Control Measures......Page 172
ATMOSPHERIC RADIOCHEMISTRY......Page 173
Contemporary Carbon Content of Environmental Samples......Page 174
Higher Dimensions: Chemical and Physical Selectivity......Page 178
CONCLUSION......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 186
11 Dating Groundwater A Short Review......Page 190
DARCY'S LAW......Page 191
RADIONUCLIDES OF ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN......Page 194
Carbon-14......Page 195
Hydrogen-3......Page 196
Chlorine-36......Page 198
Silicon-32......Page 202
Krypton-81......Page 203
Introduction......Page 204
Helium-4 Accumulation......Page 206
Argon-40......Page 209
URANIUM DISEQUILIBRIUM......Page 210
ANTHROPOGENIC CONSTITUENTS......Page 213
Hydrogen-2/0xygen-18 Ratio......Page 215
Noble Gases......Page 216
GEOLOGIC RECONSTRUCTIONS......Page 217
CURRENT PROBLEMS......Page 218
References......Page 219
12 Sampling and Precise Dating Requirements for Extracting Isotopic Records from Three Rings......Page 226
Background......Page 227
Sampling Sites Reflect Environmental Signal......Page 230
Sample Replication......Page 231
References......Page 232
13 Fluctuation of Atmospheric Radiocarbon and the Radiocarbon Time Scale......Page 234
References......Page 243
14 Tree Thermometers and Commodities: Historic Climate Indicators......Page 246
Principles......Page 247
History and Technology......Page 257
Recent Trees and Thermometer Records......Page 260
Climate Periods......Page 267
The Bio-Organic Reservoir......Page 280
Other Climate Indicators: Commodities, Prices, Wages......Page 285
The Slope of Eight......Page 292
References......Page 298
15 Glaciochemical Dating Techniques......Page 303
Seasonal Variations in Greenland......Page 304
Antarctic Seasonal Variations......Page 308
Horizon Detection......Page 313
Literature Cited......Page 317
16 Preliminary Studies on Dating Polar Ice by Carbon-14 and Radon-222......Page 319
Extraction and Purification Procedures......Page 320
Results......Page 324
References......Page 328
17 Dating Recent (200 Years) Events in Sediments from Lakes, Estuaries, and Deep Ocean Environments Using Lead-210......Page 330
Experimental Methods......Page 331
Results and Discussion......Page 335
Conclusions......Page 358
Literature Cited......Page 359
18 Deep-Sea Sedimentation: Processes and Chronology......Page 361
Delivery of Radionuclides to the Ocean......Page 362
Delivery of Radionuclides to the Ocean Floor......Page 365
Distribution of Radionuclides in Sediments......Page 372
Deep Sea Sediments and Historical Records......Page 378
Literature Cited......Page 382
19 The Antiquity of Carbon......Page 387
References......Page 395
20 Results of a Dating Attempt: Chemical and Physical Measurements Relevant to the Cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinctions1......Page 397
Asteroid-Impact Hypothesis......Page 398
Other Work......Page 399
Future Directions......Page 400
References......Page 404
21 A Ceramic Compositional Interpretation of Incense-Burner Trade in the Palenque Area, Mexico......Page 406
Statistical Procedures......Page 412
Data Interpretation for the Reference Units......Page 416
Projected Group Membership of the Incensarios......Page 425
Supports......Page 427
Functional Incensarios......Page 431
Summary......Page 432
Literature Cited......Page 433
22 The Carbon-14 Dating of an Iron Bloom Associated with the Voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher......Page 436
References......Page 445
23 Problems in the Radiocarbon Dating of Bone......Page 447
Initial Radiocarbon Determinations on Bone......Page 449
Preparation of Bone Samples for 14C Analysis......Page 452
Evaluating Contamination Effects......Page 454
Identification of Non-Autochthonous Organics in Bone Samples......Page 459
References......Page 463
24 Absolute Dating of Travertines from Archaeological Sites......Page 468
Analytical Methods......Page 474
Problems of the Method......Page 475
Other Methods for Analysis of Travertines......Page 476
Application to Archaeological Sites......Page 477
Concluding Remarks......Page 480
References Cited......Page 481
Notes and References......Page 484
A......Page 488
Β......Page 490
C......Page 491
D......Page 494
F......Page 496
H......Page 497
I......Page 498
J......Page 499
M......Page 500
O
......Page 502
Ρ......Page 503
R......Page 504
S......Page 506
Τ......Page 507
U......Page 508
Ζ......Page 509