Novel Feedstocks for Biofuels Production

Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Biofuel Production from Conventional Feedstocks: Challenges and Alternatives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Biofuel Feedstock
1.2.1 First Generation
1.2.2 Second Generation
1.2.3 Third Generation
1.2.4 Fourth Generation
1.3 Types of Biofuel
1.3.1 Bioethanol
1.3.2 Biodiesel
1.4 Challenges with Conventional Biofuel Feedstocks
1.4.1 Environmental Impacts
1.4.2 Socio-economic Issues
1.4.3 Technological Issues
1.4.4 Certification Issues
1.5 Application of Waste Materials as Feedstock for Biofuel Production
1.5.1 Waste Oil
1.5.2 Fishery Waste
1.5.3 Animal Fats
1.5.4 Agricultural Waste
1.5.5 Food Waste
1.5.6 Microalgae Biofuel Feedstock
1.6 Summary and Future Research
References
Chapter 2: Novel Feedstocks for Biofuels: Current Scenario and Recent Advancements
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biofuels
2.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels
2.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuels
2.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuels
2.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels
2.3 Types of Biofuels
2.3.1 Bioethanol
2.3.2 Biodiesel
2.3.3 Biogas
2.4 Biofuel Production from Various Novel Feedstocks
2.4.1 Biofuel Production Using Biomass and Lignocellulose-Based Feedstocks
2.4.1.1 Non-edible Forest Products
2.4.1.2 Aquatic Weeds
2.4.1.3 Microalgae
2.4.2 Biofuel Production Using Non-edible Oilseeds
2.4.3 Biofuel Production Using Waste Products
2.4.3.1 Municipal Solid Waste
2.4.3.2 Waste Oils
2.4.3.3 Sewage Wastes
2.5 Challenges of Using Novel Feedstocks
2.6 Future Prospects and Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Non-edible Oil Plants for Biodiesel Production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Global Scenario of the Biodiesel Production
3.3 Agricultural Aspects About Non-edible Plants
3.4 Physicochemical Properties of Non-edible Oil Feedstock
3.5 Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Oils: Case Studies
3.5.1 Physicochemical Proprieties and Biodiesel Quality
3.5.2 Emissions of Biodiesel from Non-edible Oils
3.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Role of Microorganisms in Production of Biofuels
4.1 Overview
4.2 Application of Microorganisms for Waste Treatment
4.2.1 Microorganisms as Source of Hydrolytic Enzymes
4.2.1.1 Starch and Saccharification Enzymes
Alpha-Amylase
Beta-Amylase
Glucoamylase
4.2.1.2 Pectins and Pectinolytic Enzymes
4.2.1.3 Hemicellulose and Hemicellulolytic Enzymes
4.2.1.4 Cellulose and Cellulolytic Enzymes
4.2.1.5 Lignin and Ligninolytic Enzymes
4.2.1.6 Mannan
4.2.2 Microorganisms for Pretreatment of Solid Waste
4.2.2.1 Bacterial Pretreatment
4.2.2.2 Fungal Pretreatment
4.2.3 Microorganisms for Treatment of Wastewater
4.3 Potential Microorganisms for Biofuel Production
4.3.1 Bioethanol
4.3.2 Biodiesel
4.3.3 Biogas
4.3.3.1 Hydrolytic Bacteria
4.3.3.2 Acetogenic Bacteria
4.3.3.3 Methanogenic Bacteria
4.3.4 Biohydrogen
4.3.4.1 Syntrophic H2-Producing Bacteria
4.3.4.2 Anaerobic Bacteria
4.3.4.3 Photosynthetic Algae
4.3.4.4 In Vitro Photosynthetic-Hydrogenase System
4.3.5 Microbial Fuel Cell
4.4 Microbial Factories for Biofuels
4.5 Whole-Cell Catalyst for Biofuel Production
4.6 Bioprospecting Microorganisms by Genetic and Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology for Second- and Fourth-Generation...
4.7 Challenges and Prospects
4.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Algal Biomass for Biodiesel and Bio-oil Production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microalgae Cultivation
5.2.1 Open Raceway Ponds
5.2.2 Photobioreactors
5.3 Biomass Harvesting and Drying
5.3.1 Centrifugation
5.3.2 Filtration
5.3.3 Flocculation
5.3.4 Flotation
5.3.5 Gravity Sedimentation
5.3.6 Combination of Harvesting Methods
5.3.7 Drying Techniques
5.4 Biodiesel Production from Microalgae
5.4.1 Lipid Extraction from Microalgal Biomass
5.4.2 Conversion of Lipids to Biodiesel
5.4.2.1 Chemical Catalysis
5.4.2.2 Biocatalysts
5.5 Bio-oil Production from Microalgae
5.5.1 Bio-oil Production Using Pyrolysis
5.5.2 Bio-oil Production Using HTL
5.5.3 Bio-oil Production Study by the Combination of Techniques
5.6 Challenges in Biodiesel Production from Microalgae
5.7 Challenges in Bio-oil Production from Microalgae
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Algae as a Feedstock for Bioethanol and Biomethane Production
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Microalgae Vs Macroalgae
6.1.2 Overview of Global Algal Production
6.1.3 Bioethanol Vs Biomethane
6.2 Economics and Limitations of Algal Biofuel Production
6.3 Algal Composition
6.4 Algae Cultivation and Harvesting Systems
6.4.1 Macro- and Microalgae Cultivation
6.4.2 Algal Harvesting Systems
6.5 Processing of Algae to Bioethanol and Biomethane
6.5.1 Pretreatment
6.5.1.1 Mechanical Methods
6.5.1.2 Ultrasound Pretreatment
6.5.1.3 Pretreatment by Irradiation
6.5.1.4 Hydrothermal Pretreatment
6.5.1.5 Chemical Pretreatment
6.5.1.6 Ozone Treatment
6.5.1.7 Enzymatic Pretreatment
6.5.1.8 Other Treatment Methods
6.5.2 Bioethanol Production
6.5.3 Biomethane Production
6.6 Algal Biorefinery Concept
6.6.1 Upstream Processing
6.6.2 Downstream Processing
6.7 Biotechnological Strategies to Improve Algal Biomass and Biofuel Production
6.7.1 Optimization of Physicochemical Parameters
6.7.2 Effect of Different Physicochemical Parameters
6.7.3 Genetic Engineering-Mediated Metabolite Improvement
6.8 Life Cycle Assessment
6.9 Conclusion and Prospects for Future Research Works
References
Chapter 7: Aquatic Weeds as Bioenergy Feedstock
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Potential of Aquatic Weeds as Bioenergy Feedstock
7.3 Approaches for Bioenergy Production from Aquatic Weed
7.3.1 Biochemical Conversion
7.3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion
7.3.1.2 Acidogenic Fermentation
7.3.1.3 Microbial Electrolytic Cell
7.3.2 Thermochemical Conversion
7.3.2.1 Pyrolysis
7.3.2.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
7.3.2.3 Gasification
7.4 Bio Energy Production from Aquatic Weeds
7.4.1 Biomethane
7.4.2 Bioethanol
7.4.3 Biohydrogen
7.4.4 Bio-oil
7.4.5 Biodiesel
7.5 Other High-Value Commercial Bioproducts
7.6 Major Challenges and Future Prospective
7.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Wastewater and Solid Waste as Feedstock for Energy Production
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Solid Waste as a Potential Feedstock
8.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste
8.2.2 Agriculture Solid Waste
8.2.3 Forestry Solid Waste
8.2.4 Industrial Waste
8.3 Wastewater as Feedstock
8.4 Feedstock to Energy Conversion Techniques
8.4.1 Thermochemical Route for Biomass to Energy
8.4.1.1 Gasification
8.4.1.2 Liquefaction
8.4.1.3 Pyrolysis
8.4.2 Biochemical Route for Biomass to Biofuel
8.5 Pretreatment Methods for Biomass
8.5.1 Physical Pretreatment
8.5.2 Physiochemical Pretreatment
8.5.3 Chemical Pretreatment
8.5.4 Biological Pretreatment
8.5.5 Detoxification
8.5.6 Hydrolysis
8.6 Solid Waste and Wastewater as Feedstock for the Production of Second-Generation Biofuels
8.6.1 Bioethanol
8.6.2 Biogas
8.6.3 Hydrogen Production
8.6.4 Microbial Fuel Cells from Wastewater and Solid Waste
8.7 Wastewater and Solid Waste as Feedstock for Third-Generation Biofuel (Biodiesel)
8.8 The Economics of Biofuels
8.9 Future Prospects and Challenges
References
Chapter 9: Agricultural Lignocellulosic Waste for Bioethanol Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Chemistry of Lignocellulosic Biomass (LB): Challenges and Prospects
9.2.1 Cellulose
9.2.2 Hemicelluloses
9.2.3 Lignin
9.3 Available Techniques for Physicochemical Analysis
9.4 Bioethanol Production: An Overview
9.4.1 Pretreatment Process
9.4.1.1 Mechanical Processing
9.4.1.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment
Steam Explosion
Hydrothermal Pretreatment
Acid and Alkaline Hydrolysis
Green Solvent Versus Organic Solvents
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
9.5 Enzymes and Microbes for Second-Generation Bioethanol Production
9.6 Advances in Pretreatment Strategies
9.6.1 Physical Methods
9.6.1.1 Milling
9.6.1.2 Freezing
9.6.1.3 Microwave
9.6.1.4 Ultrasound
9.6.2 Physicochemical Methods
9.6.2.1 Hydrothermal Pretreatment
9.6.2.2 Ionic Liquid (IL) Pretreatment
9.6.2.3 Biological Pretreatment
9.7 Agricultural Lignocellulosic Waste Feasibility Assessment for Bioethanol Production
9.8 Industrial Fermentation with Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.8.1 Selective-Fractionation Technology Based on Steam Explosion Pretreatment
9.8.2 Synergistic Enzymatic Hydrolysis System
9.8.3 Industrial Fermenting Yeast Strains
9.8.4 Pre-hydrolysis and Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-fermentation
9.8.5 Consolidated Bioprocess (CBP)
9.9 Biorefinery for Management of Agro-waste
9.10 Environmental Impact Assessment and Future Directions
References
Chapter 10: Food Wastes for Biofuel Production
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Food Wastes as Feedstock for Biofuel Production
10.2.1 Biodiesel Production
10.2.1.1 Non-catalytic and Catalytic Transesterification Process
10.2.2 Bioethanol and Biobutanol Production
10.2.3 Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production
10.3 Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels: Food Waste Valorization
10.3.1 Challenges of the Bioconversion of Food Wastes to Biofuels
10.4 Progress of the Commercialization of Microalgae Biofuels
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Animal Fat-Derived Biodiesel and Nano-Technology Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conversion Techniques
11.2.1 Transesterification
11.2.1.1 Chemical Catalyst Production
11.2.1.2 Non-catalytic Production
11.2.2 Esterification
11.2.3 Enzymatic Production
11.3 Application of Animal Fat-Derived Biodiesel in Diesel Engine
11.3.1 Animal Fats: Engineering Applications
11.3.1.1 Energy
11.3.1.2 Biodiesel
11.4 Technological Advancement of Biodiesel Synthesis with Nano-Additive
11.4.1 Nano-Additives for Biodiesel Production and Synthesis
11.4.2 Nano-Additive Application for Diesel Engine Implementation
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Potential Microorganisms for Power Generation via Microbial Fuel Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Working of MFCs
12.3 Biocatalysts of Prokaryotic Origin
12.3.1 Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria
12.3.2 Pseudomonas
12.3.3 Gram-Positive Bacteria
12.3.4 Photosynthetic Bacteria
12.4 Biocatalysts of Eukaryotic Origin
12.4.1 Fungi
12.4.2 Algae
12.5 Conclusion
References