Notes for the European Diploma in Radiology

Breast Radiology
General
Mammography (MMG)
Fibroadenoma
Fibrocystic change
Phyllodes tumour (cystosarcoma phyllodes)
Cysts
Fat necrosis (oil cyst)
Intraductal Papilloma
Hamartoma (fibroadenolipoma)
Benign breast microcalcification
Malignant microcalcifications
Invasive breast carcinoma
Metastasis
MMG
US
Doppler
European screening
Interventional
Axillary LN staging
Metastatic disease
MRI
Implant rupture
Cardiac and Vascular Imaging
Coronary angiogram
MR coronary angiography
CT coronagraphy
Congential heart disease
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Valvular pulmonary stenosis
Persistent left-sided superior vena cava (double SVC)
Congenital aortic stenosis
Aortic coarctation
Pseudocoarctation
Tetralogy of Fallot
Ebstein anomaly
Transposition of Great Arteries
Aortic arch anomalies
Pulmonary artery anomalies
Vascular rings and slings
Thoracic situs
Cardiosplenic syndromes
Acquired heart disease
LA enlargement
LV enlargement:
RV enlargement
RA enlargement
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR)
Scimitar syndrome
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
Aneurysm repair
Valvular heart disease
Cardiomyopathies
Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the interatrial septum
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Myocardial noncompaction
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Variants/Anomalies of coronary vessels
Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
Kawasaki disease
Pericardial effusion
Constrictive pericarditis
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Pulmonary edema
Cardiac masses
Myxoma
Lipoma
Rhabdomyoma
Fibroma
Angiosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Pulmonary sequestration (accessory lung)
Pectus excavatum
Peripheral vascular / Doppler
Deep vein thrombosis
Chest Radiology
Important anatomy
Anaphylaxis
HRCT - basic interpretation
GGO vs. consolidation
Tuberculosis
TB vs MAI
Viral pneumonia
Aspergillosis
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) infection
Histoplasmosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia
Legionnaires’ disease
Neoplasms
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Hamartoma
Carcinoid
Radiation pneumonitis
TNM staging
Fleischner guidelines
Solid nodules
Lymphangitis carcinomatosa
Malignant pleural effusion
Metastases of lung tumours
Metastases to lung
Endobronchial metastases
Miliary metastases
Solitary metastases
Carney triad (Predominantly young women)
Pulmonary blastoma
Chronic lung disease
Sarcoidosis
Lofgren syndrome
Heerfordt syndrome
Lupus pernio
Usual Interstitial Pneumonitis (UIP)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Non-specific intersitial pneumonia (NSIP)
UIP vs. NSIP
Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial pneumonia (RB-ILD)
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP)
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP or BOOP)
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP)
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP, Hamman-Rich syndrome)
Plasma cell granuloma
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Collagen vascular diseases
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sjogren disease
Wegener granulomatosis
Churg-Strauss syndrome (Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma)
Scleroderma (Systemic sclerosis)
Silicosis
Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP)
Asbestosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia
Airway diseases
Malignant tracheal neoplasm
Metastases
Benign neoplasms
Saber-sheath trachea
Tracheobronchomalacia
Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn disease)
Chronic bronchial disease
Emphysema
Bronchiectasis
Cystic Fibrosis
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen)
Tuberous sclerosis
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Bronchiolitis obliterans (Swyer-James syndrome, unilateral emphysema)
Lung and chest injury
Pneumomediastinum
Lobar torsion
Aortic dissection
Lung surgery
Pneumonectomy
Lobectomy
Lung transplantation
Pulmonary embolism
Vasculitis
Pulmonary AVM
Pulmonary varices
Aortic nipple
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD)
Pleura
Pleural fibroma
Malignant mesothelioma
Pleural effusion
Empyema vs. Abscess
Chylothorax
Mediastinum
Anterior tumours
Middle mediastinum
Posterior mediastinum
Superior vena cava obstruction
Castleman disease
Fibrosing mediastinitis
Consolidation
Hepatorenal syndromes
Hidden zones (areas where nodules are missed if <3cm):
Pulmonary mass- approach
Upper lung zone opacities with calcified adenopathy
Infections that may cause chest wall invasion
Infection with lymphadenopathy
Interstitial lung disease (approach)
Calcified pleural plaques:
Diaphragmatic hernias
Distribution of changes within the lung
Conditions associated with cigarette smoking
Gastrointestinal Radiology
General
Esophagus
Gastro-esophageal junction
Percutaneous gastrostomy
Stomach
Gastric emptying
Duodenum
Duodenal ulcer
Antral mucosal prolapse
Adenocarcinoma
Duodenal diverticulum
Jejunum and Ileum
Small bowel follow-through (SBFT)
SBO
Graft vs. Host disease (GvHD)
Intestinal TB
Other colonic diseases
Perianal fistulas
Typhlitis (neutropenic colitis)
Colitis cystica profunda
Ischemic bowel disease
Ogilvie syndrome
Toxic megacolon
Liver
Hemochromatosis
Infectious causes
Liver tumours
Fibrolamellar HCC
Treatment
Incidentaloma
Liver transplant
Gallbladder
Inflammation and infection
Cholangiocarcinoma
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Biliary cystadenoma
Bile duct hamartoma or adenoma (von Meyenburg complex)
Choledochal cyst
Chemotherapy cholangitis
Caroli disease
Pancreas
Congenital anomalies
Cystic fibrosis
Pancreas divisum
Heterotopic pancreas
Pancreatic surgery
Spleen
Peritoneum and Abdominal wall
RECIST
Differential diagnoses, syndromes and other
Dilated small bowel and normal folds
Thick and Irregular folds
Abnormal folds and increased fluid
Small nodules without dilated lumen
Sand-like nodules
Ahaustral colon
Non-Hodgkin’s vs. Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL vs. HL)
von Hippel-Lindau (GI manifestations)
Gaucher disease
Gynaecological and Obstetric Radiology
Normal US anatomy
Uterus
Leiomyoma
Endometrial polyp
Adenomyosis
Endometrial hypoplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial Carcinoma
Asherman syndrome
Cervical carcinoma
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Endometriosis (Stein-Leventhal syndrome)
Vulvar and vaginal malignancies
Peritoneal inclusion cysts
Cervical incompetence
Ovaries
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Ovarian torsion
Benign tumours
Ovarian Carcinoma
Cysts
Obstetric ultrasound
Placental anomalies
Head and Neck Radiology
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Nose
Nasopharynx
Esthesioneuroblastoma
Angiomyofibroma
Larynx
Squamous papilloma of larynx
Laryngocele
Extramedullary plasmacytoma
Laryngeal carcinoma
Branchial cleft cyst
Thyroglossal cyst
Dental Radiology
TMJ subluxation
Radicular (residual cyst)
Dentigerous (follicular) cyst
Odontogenic keratocyst
Solitary bone cyst
Residual cyst
Osteoma
Ameloblastoma
Jaw metastases
Orbital trauma
Sjogren's disease
Sarcoidosis
Heerfordt’s syndrome
Benign pleomorphic adenoma
Parotid hemangioma
Thornwald cyst
Zenker diverticulum
Warthin’s tumour
Cystic hygroma
Thyroid
Thyroid cancer
Hyperthyroidism
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
de Quervain's thyroiditis
Riedel’s thyroiditis
Thyroglossal cysts
Syndromes and other
Focal radiation necrosis vs. recurrence
Necrotizing encephalopathy
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Dandy-Walker malformation
Corpus callosum lipoma
Agenesis of corpus callosum
Hypoplasia of CC
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis 1
Neurofibromatosis 2
von Hippel- Lindau disease
Pseudodelta sign
Carotid artery imaging
Subclavian steal syndrome
Ear
Gradenigo’s syndrome
Otitis externa
Deafness
Pendred’s syndrome
Odoni cells
Sinuses
Mucormycosis
Inverting papilloma
Salivary gland stones
Ranula
Causes of erosion of lamina dura
Supernumerary teeth
Cervical node classification
Interventional Radiology
General
Fibroid Complications
Popliteal aneurysms
TIPSS
Endoleak
IVC filter placement
Paget-Schroetter syndrome
Musculoskeletal Radiology
Trauma
General
Head and Neck
Cervical spine
Shoulder
Rotator cuff tears
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
Clavicle
Humerus
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Pelvis
Femur
AVN
Tibia
Knee
Ankle
Foot
Benign Bone Tumours
Enchondroma
Chondromyxoid fibroma
Osteochondroma
Chondroblastoma
Osteoid osteoma
Osteoblastoma
Simple bone cyst
Bone island (enostosis)
Osteoma
Aneurysmal bone Cyst (ABC)
Osteoclastoma / Giant Cell Tumour (GCT)
Non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) / Fibroxanthoma
Desmoplastic Fibroma (Desmoid)
Hemangioma
Fibrous dysplasia (Lichtenstein-Jaffe Disease)
Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
Bone infarction
Post-traumatic cortical desmoid (Bufkin tumour)
Malignant bone tumours
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Post-radiation sarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)
Fibrosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Chordoma
Adamantinoma
Staging MSK tumours
Metabolic and Endocrine skeletal disease
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Rickets
Hyperparathyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome
Cushing’s disease
Hypoparathyroidism
Thyroid disease
Acromegaly
Osteogenesis imperfect
Osteopetrosis
Hypophosphatasia
Hyperphosphatasia
Renal osteodystrophy
Hypervitaminosis A
Lead poisoning
PVC poisoning
Fluorosis
Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
Joint disease
Hemophilic arthropathy
Neuropathic arthropathy
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (Forestier’s disease)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Jaccoud’s arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Psoriatic arthropathy
Reiter’s syndrome
Gout
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (lipoid dermato-arthritis)
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (Pseudogout) (CPPD)
Basic Calcium Phosphate Deposition Disease
Hemochromatosis
Amyloidosis
Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Scleroderma
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HPOA)
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
Synovial osteochondromatosis
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Sarcoidosis
Acute osteomyelitis
Chronic osteomyelitis
Syphilis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Tuberculous infection
Myeloproliferative disorders
Gaucher’s disease
Leukemia
Mastocytosis (urticaria pigmentosa)
Multiple myeloma
Plasmacytoma
Primary myelofibrosis (myeloid metaplasia/myelosclerosis)
Superior rib notching
Superior or inferior rib notching
Thanatophoric dysplasia (TD)
Lethal dwarfisms
Non-lethal dwarfisms
Inferior vertebral beaking
Vertebral beaking
Hook of hamate fracture
Non-accidental injuries
Baker’s cyst
SAPHO syndrome
Symphysis pubis widening
Morton’s neuroma
Sickle-cell disease
Outer end clavicle absence
Medial end clavicle absence
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Scheuermann's disease
Marfan’s syndrome
Lisfranc ligament
Neuroradiology
Intra-axial tumours
Extra-axial tumours
Children
Adults
Primary cerebral tumours by age
Intraventricular lesions
Astrocytoma
Oligodendroglioma
Ependymoma
Hemangioblastoma
Brainstem glioma
Medulloblastoma
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
Embryonal tumours
Ganglioglioma
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma
DNET
Schwannoma
Epidermoid and Dermoid tumours
Meningioma
Chordoma
Glomus Jugulare Tumour (Chemodectoma)
Cerebral metastasis
Meningeal metastasis
Central neurocytoma
Choroid plexus papilloma
Colloid cyst
Pituitary adenoma
Rathke’s cleft cyst
Suprasellar germinoma
Histiocytoma X
Craniopharyngioma
Pituitary metastases
Optic nerve glioma
Infundibular tumors
Secondary CNS lymphoma
Pineal tumours
Cerebral ischemia
Stroke
Moyamoya
Vein of Galen aneurysm
Carotid and vertebral artery dissection
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Cerebral artery aneurysms
AVMs
Brain abscess
Intracranial empyema
Encephalitis
CNS Tuberculosis
ADEM (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis)
Neurocysticercosis
Hydatid cysts
HIV-related infections
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Primary CNS lymphoma
AIDS associated vacuolar myelopathy
Cryptococcosis
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Herpes virus
Neurosyphilis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Osmotic myelinolysis
Neurosarcoidosis
Subdural hemorrhage
Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage
Diffuse Axonal injury (DAI)
Secondary cerebral injury
Dementias
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Frontotemporal dementia (Pick’s disease)
Prion disease
Spine
Spinal dysrapism
Meningocele
Tethered cord syndrome
Spinal lipoma
Lipomyelomeningodysplasias
Neurenteric cyst
Diastematomyelia
Syringomyelia
Hydromyelia
Syringohydromyelia
Spinal dermoid/epidermoid cyst
Dorsal dermal sinus
Caudal agenesis
Intraspinal Arachnoid Cyst
Achondroplasia
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Neurofibromatosis
Vertebral fusion anomalies
Spinal AVM
Extradural tumours
Intradural Extramedullary Tumours
Intramedullary tumours
Discitis
Myelitis
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
Spinal cord trauma
Postoperative spine
Degenerative spinal disease
The Orbit
Intraconal tumours
Extraconal tumours
Within muscle cone
Within globe
Other
Paediatric Radiology
Cardiothoracic and vascular system
General
Upper airways
Laryngomalacia
Tracheomalacia
Epiglottitis
Croup
Retropharyngeal abscess
Airway foreign body
Lower airways
Pulmonary sequestration
Bronchogenic cyst
Congenital cystic adenoid malformation (CCAM)
Congenital lobar emphysema
Scimitar syndrome
Kartagener syndrome
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma)
Williams-Campbell syndrome
Swyer-James syndrome
Diaphragmatic hernias
Bochdalek
Morgagni
Eventration
Pneumonia
Neonatal respiratory distress
Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN)
Meconium aspiration
Meconium plug syndrome
Neonatal pneumonia
Thymus
Congenital heart disease
General
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Endocardial cushion effect
Valvular pulmonary stenosis
Congenital peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis
Persistent left-sided superior vena cava (Double SVC)
Congenital aortic stenosis
Aortic coarctation
Pseudocoarctation
Tetralogy of Fallot
Ebstein anomaly
Transposition of Great Arteries
Aortic arch anomalies
Pulmonary artery anomalies
Vascular rings and slings
Thoracic situs
Cardiosplenic syndromes
Gastrointestinal system
Umbilical Arterial Line (UAL or UAC)
Umbilical Venous line (UVL or UVC)
Central line
Endotracheal tube (ET tube)
Gasless abdomen
Gastroschisis
Omphalocele
Esophagus
Stomach
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Volvulus
Duodenum, pancreas, small bowel
Duodenal atresia/stenosis
Duodenal web
Malrotation and midgut volvulus
Non-rotation
Meconium ileus
Intussusception
Omphalomesenteric duct anomalies
Duplication cyst
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Colon
Appendicitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Anorectal anomalies
Pancreas
Pancreas divisum
Pancreatoblastoma
Solid pseudopapillary tumor
Islet cell tumor
Cystic fibrosis
Liver, biliary tract
Biliary atresia
Hemangioendothelioma
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Genitourinary tract
Urinary tract infections
Pyelectasis (renal pelvic dilatation)
Ureteral duplication
Congenital ureteropelvic junction
Primary megaureter
Circumcaval ureter
Cloacal exstrophy
Prune-Belly syndrome (Triad syndrome, Eagle-Barrett syndrome)
Posterior urethral valves
Kidneys
Autosomal recessive kidney disease
Multicystic dysplastic kidneys
Multilocular cystic nephroma
Vesico-ureteral reflux
Lymphangiectasia
Wilms tumour
Nephroblastomatosis
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clear cell sarcoma
Rhabdoid tumour
Neuroblastoma
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Mesoblastic Nephroma (hamartoma)
Other
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Musculoskeletal system
Delivery
Cephalohematoma
Caput succedaneum
Fractures and Trauma
Neck
Upper extremities
Salter-Harris fractures
Avulsion fractures
Battered child (unintentional injuries)
Monteggia fracture (MUGR)
Galeazzi fracture (MUGR)
Non-Accidental injury (NAI)
Infections
Hematogenous osteomyelitis
Neoplasms
Osteoblastoma
Bone island (enostosis)
Osteoma
Osteoid osteoma
Simple bone cyst
Aneurysmal bone Cyst (ABC)
Osteoclastoma / Giant Cell Tumour (GCT)
Non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) / Fibroxanthoma
Osteosarcoma
Degenerative diseases
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Slipped Capital (Upper) Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE / SUFE)
Scheuermann disease
Blount disease
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Clubfoot (Congenital talipes equinovarus)
Tarsal coalition
Congenital disorders
Rhizomelic (shortening of proximal limb)
Mesomelic (shortening of distal limb)
Micromelic (shortening of both limb parts)
Osteogenesis imperfect
Achondroplasia
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor’s disease)
Metabolic disorders
Rickets
Hypophosphatasia
Other disorders
Central Nervous System and Head & Neck
Myelination
Hypothalamic hamartoma
Juvenile angiofibroma
Cranial ultrasound (6 views)
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
Mesial temporal sclerosis
Head and Neck
Angiomyofibroma
Branchial cleft cyst
Skull
Dermoid cyst (skull)
Wormian bones (mnemonic)
Wide cranial sutures
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Dandy-Walker malformation (classic)
Dandy-Walker variant
Ataxia telangiectasia
Friedrich’s ataxia
Sacrococcygeal tumours
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Currarino triad
Other
Tuberous Sclerosis
Marfan’s syndrome
Homocysteinuria
Neurofibromatosis 1
Neurofibromatosis 2
Kawasaki disease
Foreign body ingestion
Down syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle-cell disease
Thalassemia
Achondroplasia
Scalloping
Urogenital Radiology
Kidneys
General and Embryology
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive polycystic kidney disease
Nephrocalcinosis
Acute tubular necrosis
Medullary Sponge kidney
Acute pyelonephritis
Acute renal cortical necrosis
Renal Artery Stenosis
Renal artery aneurysm
Polyarteritis nodosa
Middle aortic stenosis
Renal abscess
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Emphysematous pyelitis
Pyonephrosis
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Renal serous cysts
Parapelvic cyst
Peripelvic cyst
Renal Papillary necrosis
Genitourinary TB
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease (ACKD)
Angiomyolipoma
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Tuberous Sclerosis
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Oncocytoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Renal metastatic tumours
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Renal lymphoma
Renal metastases
HNPCC (Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer)
Renal failure
Contrast medium nephrotoxicity
Post-operative investigation of transplanted kidney
Urolithiasis
Urinary obstruction
Non-obstructive dilatation of urinary tract
Renal trauma
Renal renal infarcts
Renal adenoma
Adrenals
Adrenal adenoma (nonfunctioning)
Granulomatous infection
Adrenal abscess
Hypoadrenalism
Adrenal cyst
Adrenal metastasis
Adrenal hemorrhage
Primary adrenal lymphoma
Primary adrenocortical carcinoma
Metanephric adenoma
Adrenal myelolipoma
Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome
Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenogenital syndrome
Adrenal metastasis
Adrenal injury
Pediatric Genitourinary disorders
Horseshoe kidney
Cross-fused renal ectopia
Septum of Bertin
Dromedary hump
Juvenile nephronophthisis (medullary cystic disease)
Medullary (Multicystic) Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK)
Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma)
Rhabdoid tumour of kidney
Mesoblastic nephroma
Multilocular cystic nephroma
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Ureters
Ureteral duplication
Ureterocoele
Ectopic ureterocele
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Pelvic lipomatosis
Ureteritis cystica
Bladder
Urachus
Schistosomiasis
Chronic cystitis
Cystitis emphysematosa
Fungus ball
Inflammatory pseudotumor
Nephrogenic adenoma
Malakoplakia
Bladder tumours
Bladder injury
Scrotal injury
Prostate
Prostate sarcoma
Prostate cancer
Urethra
Urethral diverticulum
Urethritis
Urethral injury
Testicles
Orchitis
Cryptorchidism
Testicular torsion
Torsion of the testicular appendix (hydatid of Morgagni)
Primary testicular malignancies
Testicular cysts
Microlithiasis
Undescended testes
Epididymis
Acute epididymitis
Chronic epididymitis
Varicocele
Erectile failure
Penis