The distinction between norms and facts is long-standing in providing a challenge for psychology. Norms exist as directives, commands, rules, customs and ideals, playing a constitutive role in human action and thought. Norms lay down 'what has to be' (the necessary, possible or impossible) and 'what has to be done' (the obligatory, the permitted or the forbidden) and so go beyond the 'is' of causality. During two millennia, norms made an essential contribution to accounts of the mind, yet the twentieth century witnessed an abrupt change in the science of psychology where norms were typically either excluded altogether or reduced to causes. The central argument in this book is twofold. Firstly, the approach in twentieth-century psychology is flawed. Secondly, norms operating interdependently with causes can be investigated empirically and theoretically in cognition, culture and morality. Human development is a norm-laden process.
Author(s): Leslie Smith, Jacques Vonèche
Edition: 1
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 305
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 9
Tables......Page 10
Contributors......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 12
1 Introduction......Page 13
2.1 Fatal ambiguity: natural and normative laws of thought......Page 14
The problematic relation between facts and norms......Page 16
Martin Luther King......Page 19
3 How norms are currently interpreted in the science of psychology......Page 20
Behaviourism: norm as non-entity......Page 21
Psychometrics: norm as average......Page 22
Social psychology: norm as social regularity......Page 23
Social psychology: norm as social control......Page 24
Experimental DP......Page 25
Recent perspectives......Page 26
Summary......Page 27
4 Why leaving normativity out of DP will not do......Page 28
Norm as ‘what has to be’......Page 30
4.2 Three categories......Page 31
Institutional norms......Page 32
4.3 Six categories......Page 33
Norms as regulations......Page 34
Norms as customs......Page 35
Norms as ideal rules......Page 36
5 How DP can be inclusive of normativity......Page 37
Part I Norms and development in epistemology......Page 38
Part II Norms in moral and social development......Page 40
Part III Norms in cognitive development......Page 41
Summary......Page 43
Part I Norms and development in epistemology......Page 45
Development as mere passage of time......Page 47
Mind, transcendence and reality according to Plato......Page 48
Aristotle, mind, genesis, epigenesis and categories......Page 49
Descartes and the mind–body separation......Page 50
Locke and Leibniz: growth by contiguity or by mere unfolding......Page 51
Kant and the epistemological question......Page 53
Darwin and Darwinism......Page 56
The psychological paradox......Page 63
Epilogue......Page 68
Change and substance......Page 69
Metaphysical perplexity......Page 70
Metaphysical options......Page 71
Emergence?......Page 72
The emergence of normativity......Page 73
More complex representation......Page 75
Representation and motivation......Page 77
Learning and development......Page 78
Microgenesis and emotion......Page 81
Forms of learning and motivation......Page 82
Interacting with microgenetic uncertainty......Page 83
Some emergent motivations......Page 84
The unfolding of values......Page 85
Self-referential values......Page 86
Conclusion......Page 87
Naturalistic epistemology......Page 89
Normativity......Page 92
Epistemic deontology......Page 94
Epistemic consequentialism......Page 95
Aretaic (virtue) epistemology......Page 96
Epistemic contractarianism......Page 97
Supervenience......Page 100
Piaget's genetic epistemology......Page 102
Piaget's theory of the normative......Page 106
How do norms develop from facts?......Page 107
Game theory......Page 108
Piaget's social epistemology......Page 110
Conclusion......Page 114
Normativity......Page 115
Development......Page 116
2.1 Frege on logic and psychology......Page 117
Unknown type of madness......Page 118
Mental processes as eddies......Page 119
2.2 Normativity and psychology revisited......Page 120
Frege on (B)......Page 121
Piaget on (A)......Page 123
Piaget on (B)......Page 125
3 Norms and normative facts......Page 126
3.1 Dual access......Page 128
Norm denial: non-operative but recognized norm......Page 131
Normative autonomy: an operative norm is recognized as such......Page 132
Contrary interpretations of the same norm......Page 133
3.4 Normative reasoning......Page 134
4.1 Incompatible evidence......Page 135
4.2 Indeterminate evidence......Page 136
4.4 Plausible evidence......Page 137
Number conservation: operative but non-recognized norm......Page 138
Number reasoning: operative and recognized norm......Page 139
Rules of the game: pratique......Page 140
Rules of the game: consciousness......Page 142
5 Conclusion......Page 143
Appendix......Page 145
Must as necessary conditionship in propositional logic......Page 147
Must in modal-alethic logic......Page 148
Must in modal-deontic logic......Page 149
Part II Norms in moral and social development......Page 151
Contextualization of moral judgments......Page 153
A sketch of action theory......Page 155
The structure of actions......Page 156
Primary actions: world-oriented actions......Page 157
Secondary actions: action-oriented actions......Page 159
Tertiary actions: actor-oriented actions......Page 161
Analytical relations between norms and facts......Page 162
Empirical relations of norms and facts in decontextualized moral judgments: defining the deep structure of moral judgments by goal taking instead of role taking......Page 164
From heteronomy to autonomy......Page 166
Environmental issues as a domain for contextualizing moral judgments......Page 167
Data collection and analysis......Page 168
A note about the effects of contextualizing of moral judgments......Page 170
Independent estimates of factual knowledge (knowledge test) and levels of moral judgment (hypothetical dilemma)......Page 171
Moral judgment and personal interests in facts that support the decision......Page 172
Coping and defence processes as factual enabling conditions for moral judgment performance......Page 173
A summary of four everyday types of moral judgments......Page 174
Affective psychological processes that accompany biographical interviews: control of affects in contextualized everyday types of moral judgments......Page 178
Discussion......Page 179
The normative framework......Page 181
The development of understanding of moral and interpersonal norms......Page 182
Moral consistency......Page 184
Moral feelings......Page 185
Close relationships: a cross-cultural framework......Page 187
Theoretical framework and expectations of the empirical studies......Page 188
Cognitive-developmental analyses......Page 190
Content analysis......Page 193
Moral consistency and moral feelings......Page 196
Moral feelings......Page 197
Conclusion......Page 198
8 The multiplicity of social norms: the case for psychological constructivism and social epistemologies......Page 201
Epistemology and domains of social judgment......Page 202
Domains and social experiences......Page 208
Domains and social decisions......Page 209
More of the same: the norm of honesty......Page 213
Conclusion: norms about norms......Page 217
Part III Norms in cognitive development......Page 221
9 Can psychology be a quantitative science, or is Kant right after all? Normative issues in psychometrics......Page 223
Normative aspects of mental test theory......Page 225
Homogeneity assumptions......Page 226
The essential role of idiographic psychology......Page 228
Discussion and conclusion......Page 229
10 Norms and intuitions in the assessment of chance......Page 232
1 Norms and errors in probabilistic reasoning......Page 233
2 Naive extensional reasoning......Page 237
3 Children's extensional reasoning......Page 238
4 Normative reasoning before the creation of norms......Page 242
5 Conclusions......Page 245
Appendix: Probabilities as norms......Page 246
Test-disease problem......Page 247
11 Making conditional inferences: the interplay between knowledge and logic......Page 249
Development, biology and normative thinking......Page 251
Conditional reasoning and knowledge......Page 255
Reasoning with contrary-to-fact premises......Page 259
1. NORMS IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: INTRODUCTION......Page 265
2. THE IMPLICIT NORMATIVITY OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 268
3. DEVELOPMENTAL NORMATIVITY AND NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT......Page 269
4. GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY: NATURALISTIC EPISTEMOLOGY VS NORMATIVE EPISTEMOLOGY......Page 271
5. NORMS AND NORMATIVE FACTS IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT......Page 273
6. CONTEXTUALIZING MORAL JUDGMENT......Page 278
7. THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBLIGATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN CULTURAL CONTEXT......Page 281
8. THE MULTIPLICITY OF SOCIAL NORMS......Page 284
9. CAN PSYCHOLOGY BE AQUANTITATIVE SCIENCE, OR IS KANT RIGHT AFTER ALL?......Page 287
10. NORMS AND INTUITIONS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF CHANCE......Page 288
11. MAKING CONDITIONAL INFERENCES......Page 290
Index......Page 294
