Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
About the Editor
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I
Chapter 1: An Introduction
1.1 The Nordic Region
1.2 The Nordics and the Arctic
1.3 The Nordics and Arctic Policy Development
1.4 What Are the Current Concerns of the Nordics with Respect to the Future of the Arctic?
1.5 Pathways to the Future
1.6 Nature of the Volume
References
Chapter 2: NordForsk as a Facilitator of Integrated Research on the Arctic
2.1 European and Nordic Efforts to Re-think the Character of Research in an Era of Change
2.2 The Nordics Look Northward
2.3 From the First Idea to Preparatory Activities
2.4 Planning and the Decision to Launch the Initiative
2.5 Implementation of the Initiative
2.6 Some Lessons Learned
References
Part II
Chapter 3: CLINF: Climate-Change Effects on the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, and the Associated Impacts on Northern Societies
3.1 Building Upon a Historical Legacy of Inquiry
3.2 The Specific Origins of the CLINF NCoE
3.3 Climate Change in the Arctic
3.4 Species on the Move
3.5 Without Healthy Ecosystems, No Human Health
3.6 Zoonoses: Diseases Transmitting from Animals to Humans
3.7 The CLINF Nordic Centre of Excellence (NCoE)
3.8 CLINF and Human Diseases
3.9 Specific Undertakings of the CLINF NCoE with Regard to CSI in the North
3.10 The CLINF Database
3.11 Data Procurement via Citizen Science
3.12 In Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: CLINF: An Integrated Project Design
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Objectives of Work, and Their Integrative Powers
4.3 Integrated Project Design
4.4 Construction of Work-Packages
4.5 Project Synergies
4.6 Discoveries and Lessons Learned
4.7 Concluding Reflections
4.7.1 The Current Status of Interdisciplinary Science Integration
4.7.2 Causalism Versus Empirical Science, and the Complexity of Nature
References
Chapter 5: Modeling Climate Sensitive Infectious Diseases in the Arctic
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Environmental Datasets
5.3 Modelling Land Surface Processes for CSI Prediction
5.4 Hydrological Surface and Subsurface Changes Influencing Communities
5.4.1 Infectious Disease Sensitivity to Hydroclimatic Changes
5.5 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Chapter 6: Reindeer Herding and Coastal Pastures: Adaptation to Multiple Stressors and Cumulative Effects
6.1 Reindeer Herding in Northern Norway in a Nutshell
6.1.1 Historical Background
6.1.2 A Brief Summary of the Current Status of Reindeer Husbandry
6.2 Studying Adaptation: Multiple Methods and Approaches
6.2.1 Co-producing Knowledge: Researchers and Reindeer Herders
6.3 Adapting to Multiple and Interacting Changes
6.3.1 Climate Change and its Effects on Reindeer Pastures
6.3.2 The Growth in Pasture Encroachments and Fragmentation
6.3.3 The Impact of Climate Change on the Spread of CSIs to New Geographical Areas
6.4 The Role of Traditional Knowledge and Local Context in Adapting to Multiple and Interacting Stressors
6.5 A Holistic Approach to Understanding the Effects of Interacting Multiple Stressors on Reindeer Herding
References
Part III
Chapter 7: The ARCPATH Project: Assessing Risky Environments and Rapid Change: Research on Climate, Adaptation and Coastal Communities in the North Atlantic Arctic
7.1 Introduction
7.2 ARCPATH’s Work Packages
7.3 Arctic and Subarctic Change
7.4 Global and Local Climate Change in the Arctic
7.5 ARCPATH Study Locations
7.6 Areas for Investigation
7.7 In Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Global Climate Models and Their Long-Term Projections
8.3 Decadal Climate Prediction
8.4 Downscaling and Simulation of Regional Scale Climate
8.5 Summary
8.6 Significance
References
Chapter 9: Whale Ecosystem Services and Co-production Processes Underpinning Human Wellbeing in the Arctic: Case Studies from Greenland, Iceland and Norway
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Theoretical Framework
9.3 Research Methods and Case Study Locations
9.3.1 Research Methods
9.3.2 Case Study Locations
9.4 An Analysis of Whale ES in the Arctic and the Utilization of the ES Cascade Model
9.4.1 Whale ES in the Arctic
9.4.1.1 Food Products (Meat, Blubber, Skin and Intestines)
9.4.1.2 Whale Bones, Teeth and Baleen
9.4.1.3 Enhanced Biodiversity and Evolutionary Potential
9.4.1.4 Climate Regulation (Carbon Sequestration)
9.4.1.5 Tourism (Whale Watching)
9.4.1.6 Music and Arts (Entertainment)
9.4.1.7 Sacred and/or Religious
9.4.1.8 Education
9.4.1.9 Aesthetics
9.4.1.10 Community Cohesiveness and Cultural Identity
9.4.1.11 Existence
9.4.1.12 Bequest
9.4.2 An Expanded Whale ES Cascade Model Including Co-production Processes
9.4.3 The Stages of Whale ES Cascade Explained
9.4.3.1 Biophysical Structure/Process/Function
9.4.3.2 Ecosystem Service Potential
9.4.3.3 Co-produced Ecosystem Services
9.4.3.4 Benefits
9.4.3.5 Value
9.4.4 ES Co-production Processes, Actors and Power Relations: Case Study Examples
9.4.4.1 Value Attribution
9.4.4.2 Mobilisation of ESP
9.4.4.3 ES Appropriation
9.4.4.4 ES Commercialisation
9.5 Discussion and Conclusion
9.5.1 Possible Policy Implications
9.5.2 Uncertainties, limitations and research needs related to whale ES cascade.
9.6 Concluding Thoughts
References
Chapter 10: “Small Science”: Community Engagement and Local Research in an Era of Big Science Agendas
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Community Engagement and Knowledge Co-Production: Definitions and Considerations
10.3 Considering Issues of Research and Community Engagement
10.4 Implementing Collaborative Research Design Between Researchers and Field Site Communities
10.5 A Marine Protected Area for Skjálfandi Bay: An ARCPATH Case Study in Community Engagement
10.6 An ARCPATH Scale of Community Engagement
10.7 Dissemination of Findings
10.8 Summary and Conclusions
References
Part IV
Chapter 11: Project ReiGN: Reindeer Husbandry in a Globalizing North–Resilience, Adaptations and Pathways for Actions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Reindeer Husbandry Within the Fennoscandian Region
11.3 The Pastoralists of the North
11.3.1 The Historical Emergence of Reindeer Husbandry
11.3.2 The Early Years of Reindeer Husbandry
11.3.3 Traditional Sámi Reindeer Husbandry
11.3.4 States Taking Control
11.3.5 Growing International Recognition of the Rights of Herder Communities
11.4 Research Glimpses
11.5 Semi-Domestic Reindeer – Coping with Climate Change
11.5.1 Domestication
11.5.2 Adaptive and Plastic Responses
11.6 How Forestry Affects Herders’ Strategies toward Winter Pastures
11.7 Governance of Reindeer Herding in Fennoscandia: What Are the “Problems” and the “Solutions”?
11.8 Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: What Drives the Number of Semi-domesticated Reindeer? Pasture Dynamics and Economic Incentives in Fennoscandian Reindeer Husbandry
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Understanding the Reindeer Herding System
12.1.2 Model Development
12.1.3 Aims of This Chapter: System Analysis with a Bioeconomic Model
12.2 Models and Methods
12.2.1 A Bioeconomic Model of a Reindeer Herding System
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Dynamic Solutions and Steady States
12.3.2 Economically Optimal Steady-State Solutions in Various Situations
12.3.3 Qualitative Analysis of Current Drivers and Economic Incentives in Finnish Reindeer Herding
12.3.4 Case Study of the Maximum Number of Reindeer in Finland
12.3.5 Steady-State Analysis of Current Maximum Numbers of Reindeer
12.3.6 Dynamic Analysis of Various Options for Increasing Lichen Biomass
12.4 Conclusions
12.4.1 Using Detailed Bioeconomic Models in Natural Resource Management in the Arctic
12.4.2 Sustainable Numbers of Reindeer in Finland
References
Chapter 13: Reindeer Herders as Stakeholders or Rights-Holders? Introducing a Social Equity-Based Conceptualization Relevant for Indigenous and Local Communities
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 A Critical View on the Stakeholder Concept
13.1.2 Indigenous and Local People as Rights-Holders
13.1.3 Reindeer Herders as Stakeholders or Rights-Holders
13.1.4 Objectives, Research Questions and a Road Map
13.2 Conceptual Background
13.2.1 Normative and Instrumental Rationales for Identifying and Engaging with Stakeholders
13.2.2 Social Equity and Rights-Holders
13.2.3 Social Equity and Research Questions
13.3 Reindeer Herders as Rights-Holders? The Case of Finland
13.3.1 How Reindeer Herders Are Recognized Politically and Legally?
13.3.2 A Whole Way of Life at Stake
13.3.3 Internal Governance Arrangements
13.4 Discussion
13.4.1 Why Should All Herders Be Considered as Rights-Holders Instead of Stakeholders?
13.4.2 Possible Tensions Between Indigenous and Local Communities as “Rights-Holders”
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Working Together: Reflections on a Transdisciplinary Effort of Co-producing Knowledge on Supplementary Feeding in Reindeer Husbandry Across Fennoscandia
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 A Social-Ecological Systems Approach
14.1.2 Reindeer Husbandry as Social-Ecological System
14.1.3 The Initiative for a Workshop on Experiences with Supplementary Feeding
14.2 Supplementary Feeding in Reindeer Husbandry
14.3 Co-production of Knowledge as Transdisciplinary Process
14.3.1 Opportunities for Knowledge Co-production
14.3.2 Challenges to the Co-production of Knowledge
14.4 Working Together Across a Diversity of Knowledge Systems
14.4.1 Working Together Across NCoEs
14.4.1.1 CLINF
14.4.1.2 ReiGN
14.4.1.3 REXSAC
14.4.2 Working Together Among Herders and Researchers
14.4.2.1 How Was the Herding Community Approached?
14.4.2.2 Preparation and Dissemination of Workshop Results
14.4.3 Working Together Across Herding Communities Within and Between Countries
14.5 Reflections About Our Way of Working Together—Challenges and Opportunities
14.5.1 Invited Herders
14.5.2 Finding an Appropriate Meeting Place and Methodologies
14.5.3 Multiple Languages
14.5.4 Work in Progress and the Future
14.6 Lessons Learned from Our Perspective for Planning and Arranging Collaborative Stakeholder Processes
14.7 Conclusions
References
Part V
Chapter 15: Is There Such a Thing as ‘Best Practice’? Exploring the Extraction/Sustainability Dilemma in the Arctic
15.1 REXSAC – Mission and Structure
15.2 Resource Extraction Has an Impact
15.3 The Idea of ‘Multiple Pressures’
15.4 Challenges of ‘Best Practices’
15.5 Re-purposing Extraction Sites
15.6 Recoding – With Affect, Gender, and Livelihoods
15.7 Transformative Imaginaries – New Pathways to Action
References
Chapter 16: When Mines Go Silent: Exploring the Afterlives of Extraction Sites
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Abandonment
16.3 Environmental Remediation
16.4 Re-economization
16.5 Heritage Making
16.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Mining Emotions: Affective Approaches to Resource Extraction
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Creating Places
17.2.1 Communitification
17.2.2 The Power of the Seidi
17.2.3 Green Colonialism
17.3 Creating Futures
17.3.1 Uranium as a ‘Happy Object’
17.3.2 Emotional Futures of Happiness
17.4 Creating Pasts
17.4.1 Challenging the Imperial Other
17.5 Conclusion
References
Part VI
Chapter 18: The Challenge of Synthesis: Lessons from Arctic Climate Predictions: Pathways to Resilient, Sustainable Societies (ARCPATH)
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Research Synthesis in the Literature
18.3 The Role of Synthesis in ARCPATH
18.4 Specific Examples of ARCPATH Synthesis
18.5 Structures, Processes and Products for Synthesis
18.6 Synthesis Tasks and Recommended Actions
18.7 Research Synergy and Synthesis
18.8 Synthesis and Transdisciplinary Research
18.9 Synthesis and Knowledge Mobilization
18.10 Case Study Synthesis and Approaches
18.11 The Challenge of Synthesis: Lessons Learned from ARCPATH
18.12 Summary
References
Chapter 19: The Assessment and Evaluation of Arctic Research – Where Have We Come From and Where Do We Need to Go in the Future?
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Arctic Initiative by NordForsk and the Nordic Council of Ministers
19.3 A Nordic Emphasis on Assessment and Evaluation
19.4 Assessment of Proposals
19.4.1 Areas of Special Emphasis Given Consideration
19.5 The Scientific Advisory Board
19.6 Challenges in Assessment Faced by the SAB
19.7 A Comparative Look at Assessment and Evaluation as Practiced by the NSF and Other U.S. Funders
19.8 The Development of Integrated Research Efforts
19.9 Challenges for Multidisciplinary, Large Team, and Broad Topic Area in Arctic Research
19.10 Evaluating the Results from Multidisciplinary, Large Team, and Broad Topic Arctic Research
19.11 Research with Indigenous Peoples
19.12 In Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Findings and Conclusions: Pathways to Action
20.1 How Are Nordic Concerns and Interests in the Arctic Being Addressed?
20.2 What Are Some of Conceptual and Methodological Innovations That Have Emerged?
20.3 CLINF
20.4 ARCPATH
20.5 ReiGN
20.6 REXSAC
20.7 What Are Some of the Advantages—and Limitations—of Conducting Interdisciplinary Research?
20.8 Building Bridges of Participation and Inclusion
20.9 Future Directions for Research and Policy Development—Pathways to Action
20.10 Concluding Thoughts