Non-Surgical Rejuvenation of Asian Faces

Foreword
Preface
How Is This Relevant to International Aesthetic Doctors?
Acknowledgement
Contents
Part I: Trend of Asian Beauty Standards: Past Present, Future
Chapter 1: Facial Beauty
Preferences for Neoteny in Humans
Mathematical Models of Beauty
Canons of Beauty
Hogarth’s Serpentine Line
Golden Proportions/“Divine Proportion”
Cultural Variations of the Standards of Beauty
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Beauty Standards in Asia
Facial Features
References
Chapter 3: Facial Physiognomy
References
Chapter 4: Characteristics of Asian Faces
China
Japan
Korea
References
Chapter 5: Clinical Anatomy for Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Treatments
Facial Units and Subunits
Upper Face and Temporal Region
The Forehead
Temporal Fossa
Periorbital Area
The Nose
Parotid Gland
Vasculature
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage of the Face
Conclusion
References
Part II: Anatomy and Ageing
Chapter 6: Facial Ageing: The Foundational Changes
Introduction
Relationship of Facial Structures
Functional Matrix Concept
Morphological Changes in the Bone Structures of the Face with Age
Upper Third Face
Middle Face
Jaw Changes, Orbit and Piriform Opening
Lower Face Third
Relationship of the Facial Bones to each Other and to the Base of the Skull
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Facial Ageing in East Asians
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Aesthetic Assessment of the Face
Clinical Assessment
What Is Facial Analysis?
General Assessment
Medical, Dental, Social, and Cosmetic History
History of Dentofacial Dysmorphology
Natural Head Position
Craniofacial Soft Tissue Landmarks
Subunit Analysis
Analysis: Frontal View
Basic Facial Shape-Frontal View
Basic Facial Shape-Profile View
Basic Facial Shape-Parasagittal Profile
Basic Facial Shape-Vertical
Facial Curves and Curvilinear Relationships (Fig. 8.4)
Vertical Facial Proportions (Fig. 8.5)
Ear Shape and Position
Assess the Relationship Between
Symmetry
Vertical Asymmetries
Upper Face
Vertical Mandibular Asymmetry
Facial Midline
Upper Face
Analysis: Oblique View
Analysis: Lateral
Infra-Orbital Rims
Para-Nasal Region
Upper Lip
Lower Lip and Chin
Lower Lip to Submental Plane Angle
Mandibular Plane Angle
Conclusion
References
Part III: Technologies and Techniques
Chapter 9: Skin Aging and Skincare
Asian, Skin Aging and Skincare
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aging
Photoaging Features of Asian Skin
Prevention of Photoaging
The Effect of Environment on Skin
Effects of Ultraviolet
Effects of Infrared Light on Skin (IRA)
Visible Light
Effects of Pollution on Skin
Existing Skin Protection
Broad-Spectrum Ultraviolet Protection
Visible and Infrared Light Protection
Pollution Protection
Cosmeceuticals
Anti-photoaging
Retinoic Acid and Its Derivatives [14]
Retinol
Retinaldehyde
Retinyl Palmitate
All-Trans Retinoic acid [15]
Topical Antioxidants
Vitamin C [14]
Vitamin E [14]
α-Lipoic Acid [14]
Vitamin B3 [14]
N-Acetyl-Glucosamine [14]
Hydroxy Acids [17]
Promising New Actives
Grape Compounds [14] (Fig. 9.5)
Resveratrol
Flavonoids
Grape Seed Extract
Soy Isoflavones
Tea Polyphenols
Dimethylaminoethanol
Black Currants (R. nigrum L, RN) [20]
Peptides or Cytokines [15]
Messengers Peptide
Growth Factors and Cytokines [15, 21, 22]
Skin-Lightening Agents
Extracellular Matrix Modulation
References
Chapter 10: Mesotherapy
Classification of Mesotherapy
Needleless Mesotherapy
Microneedle Mesotherapy
Mesotherapy Injection
Injection Technology and Depth
Intra-Epidermal Injection
Superficial Intradermal Injection
Deep Intradermal Injection
Dermo-Hypodermal Injection
Clinical Application
Local Lipolysis [16, 17]
Skin Rejuvenation or Anti-aging
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Dermal Injections
Oily Skin and Enlarged Pores
Pigmentation
Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
Compound Components
Complications
Confusion, Consensus, and the Future
References
Chapter 11: Light and Laser Treatments
Asian Skin
Pigmentation Change and Treatment
Freckles, Lentigines, and Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Melasma
Fractional Laser
IPL
QS Laser and Pico-Laser
Skin Texture Change and Rejuvenation Treatment
IPL Treatment
Non-ablative Laser Treatment
Fractional Laser Treatment
Radiofrequency Treatment
Monopolar Radiofrequency
Microneedle Radiofrequency
Combination of Procedures
References
Chapter 12: Botulinum Toxin A: Treatment Principles
Botulinum Toxin A (BoNT-A)
General Goals and Principles for Facial Rejuvenation
The Main Influencing Factors and Considerations
Dose
Injection Site
Concentration
Injection Depth
Muscle Strength
Synergist and Antagonist Muscles
References
Chapter 13: Botulinum Toxin A: Practical Tips for Use in the Field of Aesthetic Medicine
The Basic Structure
Pre-Procedure
Product Factors
Vial Preparation and Reconstitution
Diluents for Reconstitution
Storage After Reconstitution
Syringes and Needles
Pre-Procedure Pain Management
Topical Agents
Cooling
Vibration—Vibration-Assisted Analgesia
Skin Preparation and Disinfection
Procedure
Injection Sites
Nerve Endplates
Delivery: Speed, Direction, Pressure
Delivery: Volume, Dose
Immunogenicity
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Botulinum Toxin A: Injection Techniques for East Asian Facial Rejuvenation-Upper and Midface
The Upper Face
Forehead Lines
Classification (Fig. 14.3)
Injection Technique and Consideration
Typical Cases
Other Considerations and Key Points
Periocular Rhytids
Classification
Injection Technique and Considerations
Typical Cases (Figs. 14.12, 14.13, and 14.14)
Other Considerations and Key Points
Glabellar Complex
Classification
Injection Techniques and Considerations
Typical Cases (Figs. 14.18, 14.19, 14.20, and 14.21)
Considerations and Tips
Nasal Dorsal Rhytids (Table 14.7)
Classification (Fig. 14.25)
Injection Technique and Considerations
Typical Cases
Other Considerations and Tips
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Botulinum Toxin A: Injection Techniques for East Asian Facial Rejuvenation-Lower Face and the Neck
Orange Peel Chin
Related Muscle Anatomy
Classification (Fig. 15.2)
Injection Techniques and Considerations
Typical Cases (Figs. 15.4 and 15.5)
Other Considerations and Tips
Oral Commissures-“Sad or Downturned Mouth”
Related Muscle Anatomy
Classification
Injection Techniques and Considerations
Typical Cases (Figs. 15.8 and 15.9)
Other Considerations and Tips
Platysma
Related Muscle Anatomy
Classification (Fig. 15.11)
Injection Techniques and Considerations
Typical Cases (Figs. 15.13 and 15.14)
Other Considerations and Tips
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Dermal Fillers: Understanding the Fundamentals
Silicone (Permanent)
Collagen
Polymethylmethacrylate (Permanent)
Calcium Hydroxylapatite Fillers (Bio-Stimulatory/Semi-Permanent)
Polymers
Poly-L-Lactic Acid (Bio-Stimulatory/Semi-Permanent)
Polycaprolactone (Bio-stimulatory)
Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dermal Fillers
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Dermal Fillers: Injection Considerations for East Asian Facial Rejuvenation
Facial Structure
Beauty Requests
Cultural Aspects
Anatomical Variations
Common Themes
Facial Contouring Using Dermal Fillers
Part 1: Lateral Contouring
Temples
Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9, 13]
Anatomical Considerations [14–20] (Fig. 17.4)
Considerations: [14–16, 21–25]
Recommendations [17, 24, 26–28]
Zygoma, Lateral Cheeks, Subzygomatic Area, Buccal Area
Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9, 13, 29, 30]
Anatomical Considerations [29–36] (Fig. 17.5)
Considerations: [3, 7, 8, 38–42]
Recommendations [32]
Part 2: Central Anterior Projection
Forehead
Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9, 13]
Anatomical Considerations [3, 8, 13, 34] (Fig. 17.6)
Considerations
Recommendations [43–47]
The Nose
Asian Aesthetic Ideals [7–9, 48–50]
Anatomical Considerations [49–52] (Fig. 17.7)
Considerations [50, 53–55]
Recommendations [49, 50, 52, 53, 56]
Medial Cheek and Tear Trough [3, 7, 8, 13]
Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7, 8, 13, 57]
Anatomical Considerations [31] (Fig. 17.8)
Considerations [3, 7, 8, 13, 57, 61]
Recommendations [3, 7, 8, 13, 57]
Lips
Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9, 13]
Anatomical Considerations [62–65] (Fig. 17.9)
Considerations [3, 13, 66–69]
Recommendations
Chin
Asian Aesthetic Ideals [3, 7–9]
Anatomical Considerations [70–73] (Fig. 17.10)
Considerations: [3, 13, 75]
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Non-Surgical Aesthetics-Injection Strategy of East Asian Faces
The Curvilinear Lines
Proportionality
Symmetry and Harmony
Color: Hair and Skin Color (From A Chinese Perspective)
Facial Assessment
Front Central Line (Mark Line “1” in Fig. 18.3)
Front Contour Line (Mark Line “2” in Fig. 18.3)
Outer Contour Line (Mark Line “3” in Fig. 18.3)
Evaluation and Grading of Facial Aging
Facial Wrinkles
Middle and Lower Face Aging
Nasolabial Folds (Fig. 18.6)
Injectables
Botulinum Toxin A
Treatment of Common Wrinkles
Forehead
Glabellar Wrinkles
Crow’s Feet
Treatment of Masseter Hypertrophy
Evaluation of the Masseter Injection
Dermal Fillers
Injections into the Front Median Line: Forehead, Nose, Lips, and Chin
Forehead
Nose
Lips
The Chin
Front Contour Line Injections: The Main Purpose of This Line Is To Correct Aging Signs and Change the Face’s Shape
Case Study
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: MTV Lift and Nonsurgical Facial Rejuvenation Techniques
MTV Lift
M: Midface Augmentation and Lifting
T: T-area Reshaping
Other T Areas of the Face
V: V-lifting of the Lower Face
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: The Butterfly Technique: Puttipong Poomsuwan and Rataporn Ungpakorn
Introduction
Individual Beauty Preference
Budget and Outcome
Concept
Patient Selection
Injection Technique
Related Anatomy
Technical Steps
Results
Complications
Pearls and Pitfalls
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Threadlift for Facial Contouring
Introduction
The Principles of ThreadLifting
Indications
Contraindication
Safe Region and Safe Layers
Preoperative Assessment, Communication, Examination, and Preparation
Preoperative Evaluation and Communication
Preoperative Examination
Preoperative Photography
Body Position
Design
Considerations
Tissue Relocation and Fixation
The Significance of Tissue Relocation
The Fixation of the Relocated Tissue
Static Facial Lifting and Dynamic Adaption
Simple or Complex Thread Design
Factors Affecting Longevity and Post-Operational Comfort
Thread Material
Thread Surface Characteristics, E.G. Barbs (Fig. 21.16)
The Layer for Thread Lifting
The Numbers of the Thread To Be Used
Fixation of the Threads
Thread lift Procedure
Anaesthesia
Nerve Block and Local Anaesthesia
Pain Relief and Comfort Management
Entry Point
Entry Point Using a Needle, 11 # Sharp Surgical Blade or Puncture Instrument
Thread Insertion
Operative Key Points: Non-Dominant Hand
Placement of the Remaining Thread at the Exit Point
The options include:
Post-Operative Management
Complications and Precautions
Common Complications
Other Complications
Persistent or Intermittent Post-Operative Pain
Neurological Injuries
Vascular Compromise and Necrosis
Parotid Gland and Parotid Duct Injuries
Recurrent Skin Redness
Local Pigmentation
Post-Ttreatment Instruction
Conclusion
Cases
Before and After
Chapter 22: Endotine Ribbon Lower Face Lift
Indication and Contraindication
Introduction
The Device
My Method
The Traditional Method
Advantages of the Author’s Technique
The Adjunct Procedures
Complications
How to Prevent Complication
Further Application
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: AI Technologies Being Developed for Esthetic Practices
Background
Method
What Is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)?
Case 1: Sadness
Case 2 Sadness and Anger
Case 3 Sadness and Anger
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: The Cosmetic Patient: Psychology
Understanding the Psychology of Cosmetic Patients in Asia
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
References
Index