Non-state Actors in the Arctic Region

Preface
Map of the Arctic
Acknowledgements
Nikolas Sellheim
Dwayne Menezes
Contents
Acronyms
Part I: Perspectives from the Cirum-Arctic
Chapter 1: Arctic Governance, Decision-Making and Non-state Actors
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The State of Arctic Governance, Research and Decision-Making
1.3 Arctic Media
1.4 Arctic Conferences
1.5 About this Book
References
Chapter 2: The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) in the Changing Arctic. Between International Scientific Cooperation and Science Diplomacy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Science Diplomacy of Non-state Actors
2.2.1 Science and Politics Interconnection
2.2.2 Science and Diplomacy Interconnection
2.2.3 Science Diplomacy of Non-state Actors
2.3 International Arctic Science Committee – Actor or Platform of Science Diplomacy?
2.3.1 IASC as a Fruit of Science Diplomacy
2.3.2 IASC as a Co-instigator of Political Response to Climate Change in the Arctic
2.3.3 IASC as a Venue for Scientific National Arctic Games
2.4 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 3: Examining the Role of Think Tanks in Promoting Peace in the Arctic
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background
3.2.1 Defining Think Tanks
3.2.2 The Arctic Council
3.2.3 Track II Diplomacy
3.3 Case Studies
3.3.1 Polar Research and Policy Initiative
3.3.2 Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars
3.3.3 Munich Security Conference
3.3.4 Assessment
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: The University of the Arctic (UArctic) as a Non-state Actor in the Circumpolar World
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Organizational Structure
4.3 UArctic as a Regional Actor
4.4 Curriculum and Thematic Networks
4.5 Mobilizing and Connecting
4.6 Indigenous Education
4.7 Why Is UArctic a Non-state Actor?
4.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Highlighting Businesses as Key Non-state Actors in the Arctic: Collaboration Between Arctic Economic Council and Polar Research and Policy Initiative
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Arctic Economic Council
5.3 Sustainable Investment Opportunities in the Arctic: The Project
5.4 Case Study I: Marealis AS (Norway)
5.5 Case Study II: Ocean Rainforest Sp/F (Faroe Islands)
5.6 Case Study III: Spor í sandinn ehf.: ALDIN Biodome (Iceland)
5.7 Case Study IV: Greenland Dog Adventure (Greenland)
5.8 Case Study V: Aurora Snowbox Oy – Aurora Intelligent Transport Cluster (Finland)
5.9 Case Study VI: Arctic Space Technologies (Sweden)
5.10 Case Study VII: Anchorage (ANC) South Air Cargo Campus (United States)
5.11 Case Study VIII: Tłıchǫ Highway Project (Canada)
5.12 Case Study IX: Kola Wind Farm (Russia)
5.13 Case Study X: Carbfix (Iceland)
5.14 Case Study XI: Agnico Eagle (Canada)
5.15 Case Study XII: Greenland Ruby (Greenland)
5.16 Case Study XIII: Tanbreez (Greenland)
5.17 Case XIV: Arctic Circle Road Project (Greenland)
5.18 Case Study XV: PolArctic (United States)
5.19 Conclusion
5.20 Findings
5.21 Recommendations
Part II: Perspectives from the European Arctic
Chapter 6: Transnational Cities Alliances and Their Role in Policy-Making in Sustainable Urban Development in the European Arctic
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cities and City-Alliances: State or Non-state Actors?
6.2.1 Cities as Non-state Actors in International Relations: New Wine in Old Bottles
6.2.2 City Diplomacy and Transnational City Alliances
6.2.3 Transnational City Collaboration in Climate Governance and for Sustainable Development Approaches
6.3 The Nordic Model of Local Government
6.4 City Alliances and City-Municipalities as Facilitators of Sustainable Urban Development in the Arctic? The Case of the Arctic Mayors’ Forum
6.5 Conclusions
6.5.1 The Arctic Mayors’ Forum as a “Test Run” of Transnational City Alliances
6.5.2 Steering Sustainable Urban Development in the Arctic: A Unique Case?
References
Chapter 7: Strength in Numbers? The Nordic Ministerial and Parliamentary Groupings as Observers in the Arctic Council
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Nordic Council of Ministers
7.3 The West Nordic Council
7.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Development of Data Centres in the Nordic Arctic
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Data Centres Development
8.2.1 Data Centres as the Backbone of Global Internet
8.2.2 Hyperscale Data Centres
8.2.3 Overview of the Data Centre Industry in Europe
8.2.4 Threats to Further Expansion within the FLAP-D Market
8.3 Value Propositions of the Nordic Arctic Regions for Data Centre Industry
8.3.1 Renewable Energy
8.3.2 Natural Cooling Conditions
8.3.3 Institutionalisation of Data Centre Operational Field
8.3.3.1 Arctic Policy and Strategy Documents
8.3.3.2 National Strategies and Data Centre Ecosystem
Norway
Finland
Sweden
8.3.3.3 Operational Framework
8.3.3.4 Connectivity
Arctic Connect Cable System
Polar Express
Arctic Express
Celtic Norse Cable System
NO-UK Cable System
Havfrue Cable System
8.4 Framework for the Future Development of Data Centres in the Nordic Arctic
8.4.1 Arctic Regional Alliance and Arctic Regional Hub for Data Centre Sector
8.4.2 Enhance Regional Connectivity
8.4.3 Augmenting the Ecosystem
8.4.4 Offering Zero-Cost Connectivity
8.4.5 Defining Contribution to Socio-Economic Development of the Region
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Sustainable Arctic Marine Tourism Development: Scale and Scope for Community Investment, Coordination, and Action
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Community Concerns from Tourism
9.2.1 Lack of Tourists
9.2.2 Overtourism
9.2.3 Wrong Tourists
9.3 Co-evolvement of Community Engagement and Government Action – Two Cases
9.3.1 Finnmark, Norway
9.3.2 Northern Iceland
9.4 Scaling Up Experiences to Strategic Learning and Ties to the SDGs: Scale and Scope of Sustainable Tourism
9.4.1 SDGs 10 and 14: Marine Resource Management’s Role in Sustainable Arctic Marine Tourism Development
9.4.2 SDGs 1, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 17: The Role of Community Entrepreneurs
9.4.3 SDGs 16 and 17: Partnership and Cooperation Increase Local Agency
9.5 Conclusions
References
Part III: Case Studies
Chapter 10: Monitoring of Indigenous Law Enforcement in Evenkia, Russia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Contemporary Legislation
10.3 Traditional Economy and Environmental Management
10.4 Taxation and Fees
10.5 Environmental Obligations of Communities
10.6 Use of Natural Resources by Individuals (Hunting)
10.7 Establishing Traditional Land Use Areas for Indigenous Peoples
10.8 Forest Management and Land Use
10.9 Petitions of the Indigenous Peoples
10.10 Government Legislative Initiatives
10.11 Proposals by Indigenous Peoples and Their Communities
10.12 Conclusion
References
Legislation of the Russian Federation
Other References
Chapter 11: The Role and Impact of NGOs in Marine Mammal Governance
11.1 Introduction
11.2 NGOs and Their Role in Public Policy
11.3 The Role of Science in Conflict Resolution and Environmental Decision-Making
11.4 Imagery, Language, and Narratives
11.5 Oversimplification and Conflation of Issues
11.6 Influence and Accountability
11.7 Critiques of NGOs – Strawmen, Slippery Slopes, and Red Herrings: The Use of Logical Fallacies vs. Legitimate Critique in the Seal Hunt Debate
11.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: The Characteristics of Natural Resource Governance: The Nussir Case, Norway
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
12.2.1 Environmental Justice
12.2.2 Towards a Better Understanding of Justice: Understanding the (Post)Colonial Context
12.3 Methodology
12.3.1 The Case Study
12.4 Empirical Analysis
12.4.1 Sámi Contestations of Distributional Patterns
12.4.2 A Social Culture of Misrecognition
12.4.2.1 They Notice But Do Not Recognize: A Subordination of Sámi Interests
12.4.2.2 Recognizing Sámi Value Pluralism: Rejecting Monetary Reductionism
12.4.2.3 The Role of Knowledge Claims in Upholding Patterns of Misrecognition
12.4.3 Struggles in the Procedural Realm
12.4.3.1 Dealing with Institutionalized Denial of Fruitful Participation
12.4.3.2 Speaking with Two Tongues: Opportunities for Participation Without Support
12.4.3.3 Conflicting Narratives of Participatory Rights
12.5 Conclusion
12.5.1 Main Findings
12.5.2 Reflection and Recommendations
12.5.3 Practical Implications and Outlook
References
Chapter 13: Bellona and the Environmental Policy in the Barents Region: A Pivotal Facilitator
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Barents Region, a Driving Force for Changes in Arctic Governance
13.2.1 The Environment as an Instrument of Regional Cooperation
13.2.2 Origins of Bellona
13.3 Polycentricity and the Nuclear Factor
13.3.1 The Rise of the Atom Diplomacy
13.3.2 The Rocky Road
13.4 A Plural and Pragmatic Commitment into a Complex Network
13.4.1 Bellona’s Commitments in the Russian Federation
13.4.2 A Growing Influence on Decarbonization Policy in Norway
13.5 Leverage and Limits in Barents Governance
13.5.1 A Messenger for the Norwegian Arctic Policy
13.5.2 Under the Hammer of the Russian Law
13.6 Bellona, a Free Rider that Has Reached a European Dimension
References
Chapter 14: Promoting the Sustainable Development Goals in the Arctic: The Case of Polar Research and Policy Initiative
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Advancing the SDGs in the Arctic: The Role of a Think-Tank
14.3 The SDGs in the Arctic High-Level Dialogues: Building Consensus, Encouraging Action
14.4 Advancing the SDGs in the Arctic: The Relevance to Non-Arctic State and Non-State Actors
14.5 Advancing the SDGs in the Arctic: The Importance of Businesses and Investors
14.6 Conclusion
References