The Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) of NATO. Educational Notes AC/323(AVT-162)TP/279, 2009, 860 pp. – ISBN 978-92-837-0091-3.
Papers presented during the AVT-162 RTO AVT/VKI Lecture Series held at the von Karman Institute, Rhode St. Genese, Belgium.
Development of hypersonic flights for aerospace transport industry, space agencies, and defense programs requires in-depth knowledge of non-equilibrium gas dynamics effects for accurate design and safe operation of spacecraft, planetary probes, and rockets. The transport of mass, momentum, and energy in flows in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium involves kinetic processes at a microscopic level and relies on the set-up of fine experimental apparatus and development of physical models built and elaborated along with the demand of aerospace activities.
Objectives of this special course are to review the up-to-date theoretical models describing non-equilibrium effects, the experimental techniques, as well as the numerical simulation strategies specific to aerothermochemistry, in particular, aiming at better predicting the thermal loads on atmospheric entry bodies.
The course is organised to expose thermo-chemical non-equilibrium models for gas dynamics and databases for kinetic mechanism and radiation phenomenon. Theoretical basis are given and microscopic mechanisms are discussed in details, it allows to have a wide view on the collection of phenomena to integrate for an efficient energy transfer modelling. Advanced modelling are also proposed including kinetics and radiation in simple application cases. Experimental techniques for the validation of the theoretical models are presented in a following section devoted to high enthalpy facilities operation for simulating planetary re-entry conditions and the optical measurements associated for the diagnostic of these non-equilibrium flows. The course is concluded by a very comprehensive presentation of numerical capabilities applied to atmospheric entries. The interaction with the physical modelling is focus in particular as the potentialities and the limits are underlined for the current aerospace applications.
In overall the lectures give a complete perspective from the basic research to the applied studies in the context of hypersonic flights.Contents
Hypersonic-Flow Governing Equations with Electromagnetic Fields. - (Giordano, D.).
Kinetic Theory of Plasmas. - (Magin, Т.Е.; Graille, В.; Massot, M.).
Kinetic Theory of Reactive Molecular Gases. - (Brun, R).
Electronically Excited States and Their Role in Affecting Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Thermal Plasmas. - (Capitelli, M.; Bruno, D.; Colonna, G.; Catalfoma, C; Laricchiuta, A.).
Dissociation Cross Sections and Rates for Nitrogen. - (Schwenke, D.W.).
Electron-Impact Excitation and lonization in Air. - {Huo, W.M.).
Electronic Excitation in Air and Carbon Dioxide Gas. - (Surzhikov, S.T.).
Radiation Database for Earth and Mars Entry. - (Perrin, M.-Y.; Riviere, P.; Soufiani, A.).
Collisional-radiative Modeling in Flow Simulations. - (Panesi, M.; Magin, Т.; Bourdon, A.; Bultel, A,; Chazot, O.; Babou, Y.).
Radiation Modeling in Shock-Tubes and Entry Flows. - (Surzhikov, S.T.).
Frontiers of Aerothermodynamics. - (Park, C).
Shock Tubes and Shock Tunnels: Design and Experiments. - (Brun, R.).
Shock Tube Experiments for Earth and Mars Entry Conditions. - (Bogdanoff, D.W.).
Optical Measurements in Non-Equilibrium Plasmas and Flows. - (Lempert, W.).
Computational FLuid Dynamics for Atmospheric Entry. - (Candler, G. V.; Nompelis, I.).
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo for Atmospheric Entry: Theoretical Basis and Physical Models. Code Development and Application Results. - (Boyd, I.D.).
Quantification of Uncertainty in Flow Simulations Using Probabilistic Methods. -(laccarino, G.).
