Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants in the Post-genomic Era

ANNUAL PLANT REVIEWS
VOLUME 42......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 9
Contributors......Page 15
Preface......Page 19
1 Nitrogen Assimilation and its Relevance to Crop Improvement......Page 21
1.2 The assimilation of ammonia......Page 22
1.3 Crop improvement through manipulating genes for nitrogen metabolism......Page 43
References......Page 48
2 Transcriptional Profiling Approaches for Studying Nitrogen Use Efficiency......Page 61
2.1 N-responsive genes......Page 62
2.2 Nitrogen and crop production......Page 66
2.3 Targeting NUtE processes in crop plants......Page 69
2.4 Validating candidate genes by correlating gene expression with complex traits......Page 73
2.5 Prospects......Page 78
References......Page 80
3 Energetics of Nitrogen Acquisition......Page 83
3.1 Availability of nitrogen in the environment......Page 84
3.2 Curiosities......Page 86
3.3 Mineral nitrogen......Page 87
3.4 Plant growth and development......Page 92
3.5 Future of plant nitrogen......Page 95
References......Page 96
4.1 Nitrogen forms available to plants......Page 103
4.2 Nitrogen transport steps and mechanisms......Page 104
4.4 Ammonium transporters......Page 106
4.5 Nitrate transporters......Page 109
4.6 Plastid transport......Page 115
4.7 Conclusions and future......Page 116
References......Page 117
5.1 Introduction......Page 123
5.2 Lifetime of nitric oxide......Page 125
5.3 An overview of NO-dependent signalling systems......Page 126
5.4 Mammalian-type NOS – ghost enzymes in plants......Page 128
5.5 Comparative NO-related signalling......Page 130
5.6 Algal nitric oxide synthesis – an echo from water......Page 133
5.7 Nitric oxide synthase in plant-associated bacteria: its occurrence and functions......Page 134
5.8 Prospects for NO-dependent signal transduction systems in plants......Page 135
5.9 Concluding remarks......Page 137
References......Page 139
6.1 Introduction......Page 147
6.2 Structure, basic functions and regulation of NR......Page 148
6.3 NR-dependent NO formation in vivo, measured as NO emission......Page 150
6.4 NO production by NR in vitro......Page 155
6.5 Physiological effects of NR-derived NO......Page 156
References......Page 161
7 Nitric Oxide Signalling in Plants: Cross-Talk With Ca2+, Protein Kinases and Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 167
7.1 Basic concepts of NO signalling in animals......Page 168
7.2 NO signalling in plants......Page 172
7.3 Interplays between NO and ROS......Page 178
7.4 Conclusion......Page 182
References......Page 183
8.1 Introduction......Page 191
8.2 Physiological benefits of theanine......Page 192
8.3 Chemical properties and characteristics of theanine in tea......Page 193
8.4 Role of theanine in tea......Page 194
8.6 Theanine synthase......Page 195
8.7 Theanine hydrolase......Page 196
8.8 The site of synthesis and transport of theanine in tea......Page 197
8.9 Other enzymes capable of synthesizing theanine......Page 198
8.10 Nitrogen uptake and transport......Page 199
8.11 Nitrate transporters......Page 200
8.12 Ammonium transporters......Page 202
8.13 Nitrogen assimilation by GS (glutamine synthetase) – GOGAT (glutamate synthase)......Page 204
8.14 Biochemical properties of glutamine synthetase in plants......Page 205
8.15 Gene families of glutamine synthetase......Page 206
8.16 Regulation of plant glutamine synthetase......Page 207
8.17 Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in plants......Page 209
8.18 Glutamate dehydrogenase in plants......Page 211
8.19 Regulation of theanine – genotypic factors......Page 213
8.20 Regulation of theanine – agronomic factors......Page 214
8.21 Summary......Page 215
References......Page 218
9 Legume Nitrogen Fixation and Soil Abiotic Stress: From Physiology to Genomics and Beyond......Page 227
9.1 Introduction......Page 228
9.2 Legume nitrogen fixation under drought stress......Page 233
9.3 Soil acidity......Page 242
9.4 Phosphate deficiency......Page 247
9.5 Legume biology is taking off......Page 252
9.6 Beyond genomics: prospects for legume genetic breeding......Page 253
References......Page 256
10 Metabolomics Approaches to Advance Understanding of Nitrogen Assimilation and Carbon–Nitrogen Interactions......Page 269
10.1 Introduction......Page 270
10.2 Methods for analysing the plant metabolome......Page 271
10.3 Uptake and assimilation of nitrate and ammonium......Page 275
10.4 Cross-talk between N and secondary metabolism......Page 278
10.5 Summary......Page 281
References......Page 282
11.1 Introduction......Page 289
11.2 N-related morphological adaptations in Arabidopsis roots......Page 290
11.3 The developmental context of N-related morphological adaptations in Arabidopsis roots......Page 294
11.4 Mechanisms of N-related morphological adaptations in Arabidopsis roots......Page 295
11.5 Role of NO3- transporters in N-related morphological adaptations......Page 300
11.6 Biological significance of the localized stimulatory effect......Page 301
11.7 Concluding remarks......Page 302
References......Page 303
12 Mitochondrial Redox State, Nitrogen Metabolism and Signalling......Page 307
12.1 Introduction......Page 308
12.2 The Nicotiana sylvestris mitochondrial cytoplasmic male sterile II mutant......Page 309
12.3 Metabolite profiling in CMSII leaves reveals an N-rich phenotype......Page 310
12.4 Mitochondrial redox cycling is a key player in determining the rate of nitrate assimilation......Page 313
12.5 Regulation of pyridine nucleotide metabolism in CMSII leaves......Page 314
12.6 CMSII is an N-sensing/signalling mutant......Page 315
12.7 Regulation of gibberellin metabolism and signalling in the CMSII mutant......Page 317
References......Page 319
13 The Utilization of Nitrogen by Plants: A Whole Plant Perspective......Page 325
13.2 Nitrogen and plant growth......Page 326
13.3 Nitrogen, biomass partitioning and yield......Page 332
13.4 Partitioning of nitrogen into metabolites......Page 344
13.5 Acquisition of nitrogen by plants......Page 346
13.6 Plants, nitrogen and environment......Page 355
13.7 Conclusions......Page 360
References......Page 361
Index......Page 373