Next-Generation Algae, Volume 2: Applications in Medicine and the Pharmaceutical Industry

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Discovery of Novel and Biologically Active Compounds from Algae
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microalgae-Derived Natural Products
1.3 Bioprospecting for New Algae
1.4 Therapeutically Essential Natural Products
1.5 Screening for Bioactive Constituents
1.6 Extraction Methods
1.7 Biosynthesis and Biological Activities
1.7.1 Antibacterial Action
1.7.2 Antifungal Action
1.7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Action
1.7.4 Antiprotozoal Action
1.7.5 Antioxidant Action
1.7.6 Antineoplastic (Anticancer) Action
1.7.7 Antiviral Action
1.7.8 Anticoagulant Action
1.7.9 Immunosuppressive Action
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Bioactive Compounds Synthesized by Algae: Current Development and Prospects as Biomedical Application in the Pharmaceutical Industry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Algal-Sourced Compounds of Medical Interest
2.3 Microalgae with Potential for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds
2.3.1 Spirulina
2.3.2 Chlorella
2.3.3 Nostoc
2.3.4 Dunaliella
2.4 Bioactive Compounds from Cyanobacteria
2.5 Secondary Metabolites from Microalgae
2.5.1 Carotenoids
2.5.1.1 β-Carotene
2.5.1.2 Astaxanthin
2.5.1.3 Zeaxanthin and Lutein
2.5.1.4 Violaxanthin
2.5.1.5 Fucoxanthin
2.5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
2.5.3 Proteins and Polypeptides
2.6 Biomass of Microalgae
2.6.1 Biomass Production
2.6.1.1 Cultivation
2.6.1.2 Harvesting
2.6.1.3 Biomass Dehydration
2.6.1.4 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
2.7 Pharmaceutical Applications of Microalgae
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Bioactive Compounds Derived from Microalgae Showing Diverse Medicinal Activities
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microalgae with Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.3 Microalgae with Immunomodulatory Activity
3.4 Microalgae Anticancer Activity
3.5 Potential of Microalgae in Quality Enhancement of Natural Products
3.5.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
3.5.2 Cosmetics and Personal Care
3.5.3 Food Industry
References
Chapter 4 Application of Astaxanthin and Carotenoids Derived from Algae for the Production of Nutraceuticals, Pharmaceuticals, Additives, Food Supplement and Feed
4.1 Carotenoids and Its Characteristics
4.1.1 Sources of Carotenoids
4.1.2 Production/Extraction of Carotenoids
4.2 Astaxanthin and Its Characteristics
4.2.1 Production/Extraction of Astaxanthin
4.2.2 Historical Perspective of Consumption of Alga as Food and Utilization in the Food Industry
4.3 Application/Utilization of Astaxanthin and Carotenoids in Different Sectors
4.3.1 Nutraceuticals
4.3.2 Food Additives, Supplements and Feed Formulation
4.3.3 Alga as a Potential Source of Astaxanthin and Food Supplement
4.3.4 Technological Application of Algae as Origins of Supplements and Bioactive Mixtures in Healthier Food Varieties and Drinks
4.3.5 Enriching Dairy Products with Algae
4.3.6 Algae as a Potential Healthy Protein and Fat Source
4.4 Future Perspective
References
Chapter 5 Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) and Their Biomedical Application
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
5.3 Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
5.4 Nanomedicine-Based Formulations Containing Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
5.5 Biological and Medical Application of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
5.6 Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
5.7 Challenges and Issues of Production and Use of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Utilization of Algae and Their Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae
6.3 Algae Biocomposites
6.4 Techniques and Methods Involved in the Production of Algae Biocomposites
6.5 Antiproliferative Activities of Algae
6.6 Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Algae
6.7 Potential Health Benefits of Algae Biocomposites
6.8 Challenges and Issues Related to Algae Biocomposites Use
6.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Natural Compounds of Algae Origin with Potential Anticarcinogenic Benefits
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Progression, Predisposing Factors and Treatment of Cancer
7.2.1 Cancer Progression
7.2.2 Predisposing Factors to Cancer
7.2.3 Treatment of Cancer
7.3 Features of Microalgae
7.4 Sources of Microalgae
7.5 Fractions of Microalgae Species with Anticancer Properties
7.5.1 Carotenoid-Rich Extracts of Chlorella Species
7.5.2 Chaetoceros Calcitrans Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol Extracts
7.5.3 Amphidinium Carterae Organic Fractions
7.5.4 Methanolic Extracts from Amphidinium Carterae, Prorocentrum Rhathymum, Symbiodinium sp., Coolia Malayensis, Ostreopsis Ovata, Amphidinium Operculatum, and Heterocapsa Psammophila
7.5.5 Skeletonema Marinoi Hydrophobic Fraction
7.5.6 Canadian Marine Microalgal Pool Aqueous Extract
7.5.7 Chlorella Sorokiniana Aqueous Extract
7.6 Compounds with Anticarcinogenic Activities Isolated from Marine Microalgae
7.6.1 Polysaccharides
7.6.2 Phycocyanin
7.6.3 Chlorophyll
7.6.4 Polyunsaturated Aldehydes (PUAs)
7.6.5 Violaxanthin
7.6.6 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
7.6.7 Stigmasterol
7.6.8 Fucoxanthin
7.6.9 Nonyl 8-Acetoxy-6-Methyloctanoate (NAMO)
7.6.10 Monogalactosyl Glycerols
7.6.11 Other Active Compounds from Microalgae with Anticarcinogenic Activities
7.7 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Chapter 8 Current Research on Algal-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides and Their Antiulcer Bioactivities
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer Disease
8.2 Treatment Using Synthetic Medicines
8.3 Natural Products Used in the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer
8.4 Antiulcer Products Developed from Algae
8.4.1 Phycocolloids
8.4.2 Fucoidan
8.4.3 Ulvans
8.4.4 Laminaran
8.4.5 Xylan and Porphyran
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Pharmacological and Antioxidant Attributes of Significant Bioactives Constituents Derived from Algae
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Brown Algae
9.1.1.1 Fucoidan and Its Bioactivity
9.1.1.2 Benefits Derived from Fucoidan
9.1.1.3 Laminarin
9.1.1.4 Fucosterol
9.1.1.5 Saccharides
9.1.1.6 Phlorotannins
9.1.1.7 Dieckol
9.1.2 Red Algae
9.1.2.1 D-Isofloridoside
9.1.2.2 Phycoerythrin
9.1.3 Blue-Green Algae
9.1.3.1 Phycocyanin and Phycocyanobilin
9.1.4 Other Potential Applications of Algae
9.1.4.1 Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosine Capabilities
9.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Utilization of Pharmacologically Relevant Compounds Derived from Algae for Effective Management of Diverse Diseases
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Algae in the Management of Some Diseases
10.2.1 Cancer
10.2.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
10.2.3 Osteoarthritis
10.2.4 Gastric Ulcers
10.2.5 Neurodegenerative Diseases
10.2.6 Diabetes Mellitus
10.2.7 Hypertension
10.2.8 Atherosclerosis
10.2.9 Kidney and Liver Diseases
10.2.10 Skin Diseases/Disorders
10.2.11 Uterine Leiomyomas
10.2.12 Obesity
10.2.13 Tuberculosis
10.2.14 Asthma
10.2.15 Hepatitis
10.3 Xanthophylls
10.3.1 Astaxanthin
10.3.2 Fucoxanthin
10.3.3 Lutein and Zeaxanthin
10.3.4 Beta-Cryptoxanthin
10.3.5 Siphonaxanthin
10.3.6 Saproxanthin and Myxol
10.4 Alga Diterpenes
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Application of Algae in Wound Healing
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Current Trends in the Design of Wound Dressings
11.2 Brown Seaweed Polysaccharides
11.2.1 Fucoidan
11.2.2 Alginate
11.2.3 Carrageenan
11.2.4 Red Seaweed Polysaccharides
11.2.5 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides
11.3 Mechanisms Underpinning the Wound Healing Effects of Algae
11.3.1 Hemostatic Activity
11.3.2 Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
11.3.3 Antioxidant Activity
11.3.4 Antifungal Activity
11.3.5 Antibacterial Properties
11.3.6 Wound-Healing Property of Algae and Cyanobacteria
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Application of Nanotechnology for the Bioengineering of Useful Metabolites Derived from Algae and Their Multifaceted Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Various Types of Nanoparticles Derived from Algae
12.3 Nanoparticles from Algae and the Key Role They Play in the Medical and Pharmaceutical Sectors
12.3.1 Anticancer Activity
12.4 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles and Their Key Role in the Cosmetics Industry
12.4.1 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Moisturizer
12.4.2 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Skin Sensitizing and Thickening Agents
12.4.3 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Anti-Aging Agents
12.4.4 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antioxidant Agent
12.5 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agent
12.6 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antifungal Agent
12.7 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antiviral Agent
12.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Discovery of Novel Compounds of Pharmaceutical Significance Derived from Algae
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Bioactive Compounds
13.3 Pharmacological Significance of Algae
13.3.1 Antioxidative Activity
13.3.2 Antihypertensive Activity
13.3.3 Anticoagulant Activity
13.3.4 Antiproliferation Activities
13.3.5 Immune-Stimulant Activity
13.3.6 Cholesterol-Lowering Activity
13.3.7 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
13.3.8 Anticancer Activity
13.3.9 Cancer Prevention Agent
13.3.10 Antidiabetic
13.3.11 Different Biomedical Activities
13.4 Research Results on Well-Studied Algal Strains
13.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
Chapter 14 Applications of Algae in the Production of Single-Cell Proteins and Pigments with High Relevance in Industry
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microalgae-Derived Single Cell Protein (SCP)
14.2.1 Dunaliella
14.3 Applications of SCP in Diets
14.4 Pigments Derived from Algae
14.4.1 Astaxanthin
14.4.2 Fucoxanthin
14.4.3 Carotenoids
14.5 Conclusion
References
Index
EULA