Next-Generation Algae, Volume 1: Applications in Agriculture, Food and Environment

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Smart Microalgae Wastewater Treatment: IoT and Edge Computing Applications with LCA and Technoeconomic Analysis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Importance and Potential of Extremophilic Microalgae-Based Wastewater Treatment (WWT) Plant
1.3 Status of Microalgae-Based WWT Plants
1.3.1 Conditions and Requirements (Abiotic and Biotic Requirements, Nutrients Requirement)
1.3.2 Microalgae-Based WWT System – Photobioreactor System in Suspension and Immobilized Model
1.3.3 Evaluation of Treatment Performance
1.4 IoT and Edge Computing-Based Monitoring and Modeling of Integrated Microalgae-Based WWT Plant
1.4.1 Machine Learning Approaches for Data Acquisition, Monitoring and Analysis System
1.5 Techno-Economic Analysis of Integrated Microalgae-Based Wastewater Treatment (WWT) System
1.6 Brief Case Studies of Commercially Available Microalgae-Based Wastewater Treatment (WWT) Plants
1.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 The Use of Microalgae in Various Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Algae Classification
2.1.2 Cultivation of Microalgae
2.2 End Uses of Microalgae
2.2.1 Biofuel Applications
2.2.1.1 Biodiesel
2.2.1.2 Bioethanol
2.2.1.3 Biomethane (Syngas)
2.2.1.4 Biohydrogen
2.2.1.5 Bioplastic
2.3 Microalgal High-Value Compounds
2.3.1 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
2.3.2 Carotenoids
2.3.3 Phycocyanin
2.3.4 Sterols
2.3.5 Polysaccharides
2.3.6 Polyketides
2.4 Biomass
2.4.1 Health Food Products
2.4.2 Animal Feed
2.5 Potential Future Applications
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Arsenic Bioremoval Using Algae: A Sustainable Process
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Algae-Mediated Arsenic Removal
3.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4 Plastics, Food and the Environment: Algal Intervention for Improvement and Minimization of Toxic Implications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Constituents of Chemicals in Plastics and Waste Generation
4.3 Packaging of Food and Minimization Through Concept of ®
4.4 Current World Production Rate of Plastics
4.4.1 Plastics, Food and Packaging to Distribution in Public and Strategic National Boundaries
4.4.2 Future Projection on Plastic Production
4.5 Toxic Implications of Microplastics from Food Packaging or Other Items
4.5.1 Biodegradable Polymers
4.5.2 Particulate Matter from Plastics and Implications
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Role of Algae in Biodegradation of Plastics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What are Microalgae?
5.3 Some Biodegradable Pollutants
5.4 Overview of Plastics
5.5 Bioremediation of Plastics
5.6 Microalgae’s Effect on Microplastics
5.7 Microplastics’ Effect on Microalgae
5.8 Techniques Used for Analysis of Plastic Biodegradation
5.9 Factors Influencing the Deterioration of Plastics Using Microorganisms
5.9.1 Biological Factors
5.9.2 Moisture and pH
5.9.3 Environmental Factors
5.10 Future Prospects
5.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Application of Algae and Bacteria in Aquaculture
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Major Problem of Nitrite and Ammonia in Aquaculture
6.3 Techniques for Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia Removal
6.4 Beneficial Application of Algae in Aquaculture
6.5 Algae and Bacteria for Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia Transformation
6.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Heavy Metal Bioremediation and Toxicity Removal from Industrial Wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Environmental Heavy Metal Sources
7.3 Heavy Metal Sources of Water Treatment Plants
7.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity in Relation to Living Organisms
7.5 Remediation Technologies for Heavy Metal Decontamination
7.5.1 Conventional Methods
7.5.1.1 Chemical Precipitation
7.5.1.2 Ion Exchange
7.5.1.3 Membrane Filtration
7.5.1.4 Reverse Osmosis
7.5.2 Ultrafiltration
7.5.3 Microfiltration
7.5.4 Nanofiltration
7.5.5 Electrodialysis
7.6 Biological Approach in the Remediation of Heavy Metals
7.6.1 Bacteria as Heavy Metal Biosorbents
7.6.2 Algae as Heavy Metal Biosorbents
7.6.3 Fungi as Heavy Metal Biosorbents
7.6.4 Phytoremediation
7.7 Mechanism Involved in Biosorption
7.7.1 Intracellular Sequestration
7.7.2 Extracellular Sequestration
7.7.3 Extracellular Barrier of Metal Prevention in Microbial Cells
7.7.4 Metals Methylation
7.7.5 Heavy Metal Ions Remediation by Microbes
7.8 Alga-Mediated Mechanism
7.9 Application of Biosorption for Waste Treatment Technology
7.10 Microbial Heavy Metal Remediation Factors
7.11 Conclusion
7.12 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 8 The Application of DNA Transfer Techniques That Have Been Used in Algae
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conventional DNA Transfer Techniques in Algae
8.2.1 Electroporation
8.2.2 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation
8.2.3 Bacterial Conjugation
8.2.4 Biolistic Particle Bombardment
8.2.5 Agitation with Glass Beads
8.3 Novel Emerging DNA Transfer Techniques in Algae
8.3.1 Protoplast Fusion
8.3.2 Liposome-Mediated Transformation
8.3.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks
8.3.4 Cell-Penetrating Polymers
8.3.5 Cell-Penetrating Peptides
8.3.6 Nanoparticle-Mediated Transformation
8.4 Limitations to Genetic Transformation in Algae
8.4.1 Cell Wall as a Significant Barrier
8.4.2 Native Antibiotics Resistance
8.4.3 Low Genetic Stability of Transgenes
8.5 Future Prospects of Algae Transformation
References
Chapter 9 Algae Utilization as Food and in Food Production: Ascorbic Acid, Health Food, Food Supplement and Food Surrogate
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Utilization of Algae
9.2.1 Use of Algae in the Food Industry
9.2.2 Macroalgae with Application Prospects in Food
9.2.3 Microalgae Application Prospects in Foods
9.3 Pharmacological Potential of Algae in Foods
9.3.1 Algae Produced Vitamins
9.4 Future and Prospect of Edible Algae
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Seasonal Variation of Phytoplanktonic Communities in Fishery Nurseries in the City of Inhumas (GO) and Its Surroundings
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Material and Methods
10.2.1 Materials
10.2.2 Methods
10.3 Results
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Role of Genetical Conservation for the Production of Important Biological Molecules Derived from Beneficial Algae
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Application of Algae in Various Fuels
11.3 Algae and Their Pharmaceutical Application
11.4 Relevance of Some Algae Derivative Components as Well as Their Effects on Human Health
11.5 Genetic Resources and Algae
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Relevance of Biostimulant Derived from Cyanobacteria and Its Role in Sustainable Agriculture
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biostimulants Derived from Cyanobacteria for Boosting Agriculture
12.3 Modes of Action Involved in the Application Microorganism as Biostimulant
12.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
Chapter 13 Biofertilizer Derived from Cyanobacterial: Recent Advances
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biological Fertilizers
13.3 Biofuel Production Technology
13.4 Significant of Biofertilizers
13.5 Relevance of Cyanobacteria
13.6 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizer
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Relevance of Algae in the Agriculture, Food and Environment Sectors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fourth Generation Biofuel: Next Generation Algae
14.3 Next Generation Algae: Application in Agriculture
14.4 Next Generation Algae: Application in the Environment
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Application of Biofuels for Bioenergy: Recent Advances
15.1 Introduction
15.2 General Overview
15.3 Algae Production and Cultivation
15.3.1 Harvesting
15.3.2 Genetically Modified Organisms
15.3.3 Growth Control
15.3.4 Production of Biofuels from Algae
15.3.5 Biochemical Conversion
15.3.6 Thermochemical Process
15.3.7 Transesterification
15.4 Algal Biofuels from Macroalgae
15.5 Algal Biofuels from Cyanobacteria and Microalgae
15.6 Types of Algal Biofuels
15.6.1 Hydrocarbons
15.6.2 Bioethanol
15.6.3 Isobutanol
15.6.4 Isoprene
15.6.5 Biodiesel
15.6.6 Biohydrogen
15.6.7 Biomethane
15.7 Biomass Supply
15.7.1 Biomass from Dedicated Energy Crops
15.7.2 Biomass Debris and Waste
15.8 Organic Material-Based Energy: CO2 Impartiality and Its Effects on Carbon Pools
15.9 Non-CO2 GHG Emissions in Bioenergy Systems
15.9.1 N2O Emissions
15.9.2 CH4 Emanations
15.10 Microalgae for Biodiesel Production
15.10.1 Biodiesel Production
15.11 Futurity Progression in Bioenergy
15.11.1 Second Generation Biofuels
15.11.2 Biorefinery
15.12 Conclusion
References
Index
EULA