Newnes Interfacing Companion: Computers, Transducers, Instrumentation and Signal Processing

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Author(s): Tony Fischer-Cripps
Publisher: Newnes
Year: 2002

Language: English
Pages: 309

Preface......Page 12
Part 1: Transducers......Page 14
1.0 Transducers......Page 15
1.1 Measurement systems......Page 16
1.1.1 Transducers......Page 17
1.1.2 Methods of measurement......Page 18
1.1.3 Sensitivity......Page 19
1.1.4 Zero, linearity and span......Page 20
1.1.5 Resolution, hysteresis and error......Page 21
1.1.6 Fourier analysis......Page 22
1.1.7 Dynamic response......Page 23
1.1.8 PID control......Page 24
1.1.9 Accuracy and repeatability......Page 25
1.1.10 Mechanical models......Page 26
1.1.11 Review questions......Page 27
1.2 Temperature......Page 28
1.2.1 Temperature......Page 29
1.2.2 Standard thermometers......Page 30
1.2.3 Industrial thermometers......Page 31
1.2.4 Platinum resistance thermometer......Page 32
1.2.5 Liquid-in-glass thermometer......Page 33
1.2.6 Radiation pyrometer......Page 34
1.2.7 Thermocouple......Page 35
1.2.8 Thermistors......Page 37
1.2.9 Relative humidity......Page 38
1.2.10 Review questions......Page 39
1.2.11 Activities......Page 41
1.3 Light......Page 47
1.3.1 Light......Page 48
1.3.2 Measuring light......Page 49
1.3.3 Standards of measurement......Page 50
1.3.4 Thermal detectors......Page 51
1.3.5 Light dependent resistor (LDR)......Page 52
1.3.6 Photodiode......Page 53
1.3.7 Other semiconductor photodetectors......Page 54
1.3.8 Optical detectors......Page 55
1.3.9 Photomultiplier......Page 56
1.3.10 Review questions......Page 57
1.4 Position and motion......Page 58
1.4.1 Mechanical switch......Page 59
1.4.2 Potentiometric sensor......Page 60
1.4.3 Capacitive transducer......Page 61
1.4.4 LVDT......Page 62
1.4.5 Angular velocity transducer......Page 63
1.4.6 Position sensitive diode array......Page 64
1.4.7 Motion control......Page 65
1.4.9 Review questions......Page 66
1.5 Force, pressure and flow......Page 67
1.5.1 Strain gauge......Page 68
1.5.2 Force......Page 70
1.5.3 Piezoelectric sensor instrumentation......Page 71
1.5.4 Acceleration and vibration......Page 72
1.5.5 Mass......Page 73
1.5.6 Atmospheric pressure......Page 74
1.5.7 Pressure......Page 76
1.5.8 Industrial pressure measurement......Page 77
1.5.9 Sound......Page 78
1.5.10 Flow......Page 79
1.5.11 Level......Page 82
1.5.12 Review questions......Page 83
Part 2: Interfacing......Page 84
2.0 Interfacing......Page 85
2.1 Number systems......Page 86
2.1.1 Binary number system......Page 87
2.1.2 Decimal to binary conversion......Page 88
2.1.3 Hexadecimal......Page 89
2.1.4 Decimal to hex conversion......Page 90
3.2.13 Bandpass filter – wide......Page 0
2.1.6 Signed numbers......Page 92
2.1.7 Subtraction and multiplication......Page 93
2.1.8 Binary coded decimal (BCD)......Page 94
2.1.9 Gray code......Page 95
2.1.10 ASCII code......Page 96
2.1.11 Boolean algebra......Page 97
2.1.12 Digital logic circuits......Page 98
2.1.13 Review questions......Page 99
2.1.14 Activities......Page 100
2.2 Computer architecture......Page 101
2.2.1 Computer architecture......Page 102
2.2.2 Memory......Page 103
2.2.3 Segmented memory......Page 104
2.2.4 Memory data......Page 105
2.2.5 Buffers......Page 106
2.2.6 Latches......Page 107
2.2.7 Flip-flop......Page 108
2.2.8 Input/Output (I/O)......Page 109
2.2.9 Microprocessor unit (MPU/CPU)......Page 110
2.2.10 Registers......Page 111
2.2.11 ROM......Page 114
2.2.12 Interrupts......Page 115
2.2.13 Memory map......Page 117
2.2.14 Real and protected mode CPU operation......Page 118
2.2.15 Review questions......Page 120
2.2.16 Activities......Page 121
2.3 Assembly language......Page 124
2.3.1 Instruction set......Page 125
2.3.2 Assembly language......Page 126
2.3.3 Program execution......Page 127
2.3.4 Assembly language program structure......Page 128
2.3.5 Assembler directives......Page 129
2.3.6 Code segment......Page 130
2.3.7 Assembly language shell program......Page 131
2.3.8 Branching......Page 132
2.3.9 Register and immediate addressing......Page 133
2.3.10 Memory addressing......Page 134
2.3.11 Indirect memory addressing......Page 135
2.3.12 Indexed memory addressing......Page 136
2.3.14 Interrupts......Page 137
2.3.15 Review questions......Page 138
2.3.16 Activities......Page 139
2.4 Interfacing......Page 144
2.4.1 Interfacing......Page 145
2.4.2 Input/Output ports......Page 146
2.4.3 Polling......Page 147
2.4.4 Interrupts......Page 148
2.4.5 Direct memory access (DMA)......Page 149
2.4.6 Serial port......Page 150
2.4.7 Serial port addresses......Page 151
2.4.8 Serial port registers......Page 152
2.4.9 Serial port registers and interrupts......Page 153
2.4.10 Serial port baud rate......Page 154
2.4.11 Serial port operation......Page 155
2.4.12 Parallel printer port......Page 156
2.4.13 Parallel port registers......Page 157
2.4.14 Parallel printer port operation......Page 158
2.4.15 Review questions......Page 159
2.5 A to D and D to A conversions......Page 160
2.5.1 Interfacing......Page 161
2.5.2 The Nyquist criterion......Page 162
2.5.3 Resolution and quantisation noise......Page 163
2.5.4 Oversampling......Page 164
2.5.5 Analog to digital converters......Page 165
2.5.6 ADC (integrating method)......Page 166
2.5.7 ADC (successive approximation)......Page 167
2.5.8 Aperture error......Page 168
2.5.9 ADC08xx chip......Page 169
2.5.10 Sample-and-hold......Page 170
2.5.11 Sample-and-hold control......Page 171
2.5.12 Digital to analog conversion......Page 172
2.5.13 DAC0800......Page 173
2.5.14 Data acquisition board......Page 174
2.5.15 Review questions......Page 175
2.6 Data communications......Page 176
2.6.1 Communications......Page 177
2.6.2 Byte to serial conversion......Page 178
2.6.3 RS232 interface......Page 179
2.6.4 Synchronisation......Page 180
2.6.5 UART (6402)......Page 181
2.6.7 Line drivers......Page 183
2.6.8 UART clock......Page 184
2.6.9 UART Master Reset......Page 185
2.6.10 Null modem......Page 186
2.6.11 Serial port BIOS services......Page 187
2.6.12 Serial port operation in BASIC......Page 188
2.6.13 Hardware handshaking......Page 189
2.6.14 RS485......Page 190
2.6.15 GPIB......Page 191
2.6.16 USB......Page 192
2.6.17 TCP/IP......Page 194
2.6.18 Review questions......Page 195
2.7 Programmable logic controllers......Page 196
2.7.1 Programmable logic controllers......Page 197
2.7.2 Timing......Page 198
2.7.3 Functional components......Page 199
2.7.4 Programming......Page 200
2.7.5 Ladder logic diagrams......Page 201
2.7.6 PLC specifications......Page 203
2.7.7 Review questions......Page 204
2.8 Data acquisition project......Page 205
2.8.1 Serial data acquisition system......Page 206
2.8.2 Circuit construction......Page 208
2.8.3 Programming......Page 214
2.8.4 Sample-and-hold......Page 219
2.8.5 Digital to analog system......Page 221
Part 3: Signal processing......Page 224
3.0 Signal processing......Page 225
3.1 Transfer function......Page 226
3.1.1 Instrumentation......Page 227
3.1.2 Transfer function......Page 228
3.1.3 Transforms......Page 229
3.1.4 Laplace transform......Page 230
3.1.5 Operator notation......Page 231
3.1.6 Differential operator......Page 232
3.1.9 Transfer impedance......Page 235
3.1.10 Review questions......Page 236
3.1.11 Activities......Page 237
3.2 Active filters......Page 240
3.2.1 Filters......Page 241
3.2.2 T -network filters......Page 242
3.2.3 Twin-T filter......Page 243
3.2.4 Active integrator/differentiator......Page 244
3.2.5 Integrator transfer function......Page 245
3.2.7 2nd order active filter......Page 247
3.2.8 Double integrator......Page 248
3.2.10 Differentiator transfer function......Page 250
3.2.14 Voltage gain and dB......Page 254
3.2.15 Review questions......Page 255
3.2.16 Activities......Page 257
3.3 Instrumentation amplifier......Page 259
3.3.1 Difference amplifier......Page 260
3.3.2 CMRR......Page 261
3.3.3 Difference amplifier with voltage follower inputs......Page 262
3.3.4 Difference amplifier with cross-coupled inputs......Page 263
3.3.5 CMRR cross-coupled inputs......Page 264
3.3.6 Instrumentation amplifier......Page 265
3.3.7 Log amplifier......Page 266
3.3.8 Op-amp frequency response......Page 267
3.3.9 Review questions......Page 268
3.3.10 Activities......Page 270
3.4 Noise......Page 274
3.4.1 Intrinsic noise......Page 275
3.4.2 Environmental noise......Page 276
3.4.3 Signal-to-noise ratio......Page 277
3.4.4 Optical detectors......Page 278
3.4.5 Lock-in amplifier......Page 279
3.4.6 Correlation......Page 280
3.4.7 Review questions......Page 281
3.5 Digital signal processing......Page 282
3.5.1 Digital filters......Page 283
3.5.2 Fourier series......Page 284
3.5.3 Fourier transform......Page 285
3.5.4 Sampling......Page 286
3.5.5 Discrete Fourier transform......Page 287
3.5.6 Filtering......Page 288
3.5.7 Digital filtering (domain)......Page 289
3.5.8 Convolution......Page 290
3.5.9 Discrete convolution......Page 291
3.5.10 Digital filtering (t-domain)......Page 292
3.5.11 Example......Page 293
3.5.12 Smoothing transfer function......Page 294
3.5.13 Review questions......Page 295
3.5.14 Activities......Page 296
Index......Page 299
Further reading......Page 307
Parts lists for activities......Page 308