Insofar as the new immigration is both structurally and functionally distinct from the old immigration of peasants and artisans, the author dispenses with the traditional paradigm of a folk-to-urban transition and focuses instead on such macroscopic features as the internal political and economic problems, social structure, and foreign policy of the homeland; on the international trade, economic structure, and immigration policy of the host country; and on the special qualities of immigrants who are urban, educated, and middle class.
Originally published in 1981.
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Author(s): Illsoo Kim
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Year: 1981
Language: English
Pages: 330
City: Princeton
Cover
Contents
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
The Transliteration of Korean Words
A Note on Sources
Introduction
Part I The Korean Immigration to the United States
1: United States Immigration Law as It Affects Koreans
The Older Immigrants
The Immigration Act of 1965 and the New Immigrants
The Connection Between Immigration Policy and Labor Policy
Social and Economic Characteristics of Korean Immigrants
Entry Mechanisms
Cultural and Political Push-Factors
Selective Characteristics
Settlement Patterns
The Immigrant Family
Conclusion
2: The Formulation of South Korean Emigration Policy
The Population Explosion as a Push Factor
The Classification of Emigrants
The South Korean Reaction to the Immigration Act of 1965
The Role of Emigration Companies
The Flight of Dollars from South Korea
Conclusion
3: South Korean Urbanization and Economic Development as They Affect Emigration
The Overurbanization of South Korea
The Agrarian Crisis
The Economic Push from "Rice Paddies to Factories"
The Magnetic Pull of Primary Cities
The Educational Migration
President Park's Political Economy
The Export-Oriented Economy
The Economic Basis of the Export-Oriented Economy
The Labor Policy of the South Korean Government
The Impact of Exporting on the South Korean Class Structure
The Formation of the Upper Industrial Class
The Reaction to Rapid Economic Development
Conclusion
Part II Economic Bases of the Korean Community in the New York Metropolitan Area
4: Small Business as an Entry Point for Korean Immigrants
The Shift to Commercial Enterprises
Classification of Korean Business Enterprises
Running the Newest Businesses
The Fruit and Vegetable Business: A Case Study
The Emergence of Korean Greengrocers
The Three Causal Factors
Intraethnic Conflict
Interethnic Conflict
The Greengrocery Business as a Means of Capital Accumulation
The Wig Industry in Both South Korea and the United States: A Case Study
The Impact of American Fashion
The Emergence of Korean Wig-Manufacturers
The "Putting-Out" System
The Decline of the Wig Industry in Korea
The Entry of Korean Immigrants into the Wig Business
The Wig Industry in America
Intraethnic Conflict over the Wig Market
The Intervention of the South Korean Government
Wig Peddlers
The Ambivalence of Korean Wig-Merchants
Consequences of the Wig Business
Conclusion
5: The Mobility of South Korean Medical Professionals
The Influx of Korean Medical Professionals
Pull Factors in American Medical Institutions
The Marginal Role of Asian Medical Professionals
Adjustment Patterns of Korean Medical Professionals
The Development of South Korean Medicine as It Affects International Mobility and Migration
The Impact of the "Medical Exodus" on South Korean Medicine
Immigration Law and the Life Chances of Korean-American Physicians
Conclusion
Part III The Emergence of a Korean Community
Introduction: The Korean Community in the New York Metropolitan Area
The Phenomenological Base
The Founding Fathers
The New Wave of Immigrants
The Nonterritorial Basis of the Community
6: The Church as a Basis for the Community
The Emergence of Korean Churches
Christianity in Korea
Churches as the Grass-Roots Community
The Geographical Dispersion of Korean Churches
Changes in Church Membership
The Dominance of Professionals in Lay Life
Small Businesses and Church Life
The Age Distribution of Church Members
Church Affiliation in the Homeland and the United States
Nondenominational Protestant Churches
Immigration Policy and the Proliferation of Churches
The Church as a Pseudo Extended-Family
The Church as a Broker
The Emerging Lay Leadership and the Politics of Church Governance
The Ambivalence of the Churches Toward Material Success
Conclusion
7: Secondary Associations of the Korean Community
The Scope of Secondary Associations
The Korean-American Pseudo Extended-Family
The Origins and Focus of Secondary Associations: Homeland vs. New Land
Alumni Associations
Medical Professionals' Associations
Organizational Patterns Common to Korean-American Professionals' Associations
Korean Associations Focused on Purely Intraethnic Activities
The Korean Scientists' and Engineers' Association—An Exception
Korean Associations Focused on American Issues
Conclusion
8: The Politics of the Korean Community
The South Korean Government as a Community Organization
The Role of the KCIA in the Community
The Korean Association as "Community Government"
Schisms in the "Community Government"
The Korean Cultural Center
The Korean Community Foundation
The Korean Association of Greater New York as an Umbrella Organization
Homeland Politics and Community Leadership
Conflict and Cleavage in the Korean Association
The Effect of the "Koreagate" Scandal and of Rev. Moon of New York's Koreans
The Rise of Indigenous Politics
KAPA and Korean Participation in Domestic Politics
The Korean Response to Black Anti-Koreanism
Conclusion
9: Ethnic Media as a Mechanism of Community Integration
The Ethnic Media
The Two Daily Newspapers
The Roles of the Two Daily Newspapers
Social Integration
Issue Definition
Relationship to the Home Government
Involvement in Community Politics
Conclusion
Part IV The Basis of the New York Korean Community in the Historical Development of Korea
10: The Origin of the Character Structure of Korean Immigrants
The External Factors of Korean History
The Korean State Bureaucracy
Class and Status in Yi Society
Mobility Patterns of the Yi Classes
The Primitive Capitalism of Yi Society
The Impact of the State Bureaucracy on the Formation of the Korean Character
Confucianism as a Source of the Korean Character
Conclusion
Conclusion: The Future of the Korean Community in the New York Metropolitan Area
Selective Bibliography
Index
