New Trends in Emerging Environmental Contaminants

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Emerging Contaminants: Sources, Occurrence, and Their Fate
1 Introduction of New Trends in Emerging Environmental Contaminants
1.1 Introduction
2 Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater and Surface Water
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in Wastewater and Surface Water
2.3 Pharmaceuticals (PhACs)
2.3.1 Sources of PhACs
2.3.2 Occurrence of PhACs in Indian Environment
2.3.3 Effects of PhACs on the Animal and Human Health
2.4 Personal Care Products
2.4.1 Sources of PCPs
2.4.2 Occurrence of PCPs in Indian Environment
2.4.3 Effects of PCPs on the Animal and Human Health
2.5 Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs)
2.5.1 Sources of EDCs
2.5.2 Occurrence of EDCs in Indian Aquatic Environment
2.5.3 Effects of EDCs on the Animal and Human Health
2.6 Monitoring and Regulation of ECs in Wastewater and Surface Water
2.6.1 Regulations and Guidelines
2.6.2 Analytical Methods for Monitoring of ECs
2.7 Conclusions
References
3 Occurrence, Fate, and Health Hazards of Microplastics Pollution
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Occurrence and Abundance in Various Matrices
3.2.1 Aquatic Environment
3.2.2 Terrestrial Environment
3.2.3 Atmosphere
3.3 Detection Methods of MPs
3.3.1 Sampling
3.3.2 Extraction
3.3.3 Identification Methods of MPs
3.4 Sources of Generation of MPs
3.4.1 Aquatic Bodies
3.4.2 Air
3.4.3 Soil
3.5 Fate and Transport of MPs
3.6 Exposure Levels and Ecotoxicological Effects on Biota
3.7 MPs as the Carriers of Other Organic Pollutants
3.8 Leaching of Compounds from Plastics and MPs
3.9 Summary and Conclusion
References
4 Microplastics in Terrestrial Soils: Occurrence, Analysis, and Remediation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Occurrence of Microplastics in the Floodplain Soils: An IGP Perspective
4.3 Extraction of Microplastics from Soils
4.3.1 Sample Collection Methods
4.3.2 Extraction of Microplastics
4.4 Microplastics Analysis in Soils
4.4.1 Quantitative Analysis of Microplastics
4.4.2 Qualitative Analysis of Microplastics
4.5 Microplastics Control and Remediation
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Occurrence, Fate and Mitigation Strategies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Treatment Methods and the Mechanism Involved in Removing MPs from WWTPs
5.2.1 Biological Processes
5.2.2 Filtration
5.2.3 Adsorption
5.2.4 Membrane Technologies
5.2.5 Electrocoagulation
5.2.6 Advanced Oxidation Processes
5.3 Conclusions
References
6 Chloroform—An Emerging Pollutant in the Air
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Physio-Chemical and Toxicity Profile
6.2 Source
6.2.1 Natural Sources
6.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
6.3 Environmental Persistency
6.4 Metabolism of Chloroform
6.5 Health Effects
6.6 Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL)
6.7 Sampling and Analytical Techniques
6.7.1 Sampling Techniques
6.7.2 Analytical Techniques
6.7.3 Sensor-Based Techniques
6.8 Levels of Chloroform in Different Environments
6.8.1 Ambient Air
6.8.2 Indoor Air
6.8.3 Industrial Air
6.9 Control/clean up of Chloroform in the Air
6.10 Conclusion
References
7 Phthalate Esters in the Environment: An Overview on the Occurrence, Toxicity, Detection, and Treatment Options
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of PAEs
7.3 Source of PAEs Pollution
7.4 Fate and Transport of PAEs
7.4.1 Fate and Transport in the Aquatic Environment
7.4.2 Fate and Transport in Air
7.4.3 Fate and Transport in Soil
7.5 Toxicity and Exposure of Phthalates
7.6 Method of Extraction and Detection of PAEs
7.7 Remediation Option for PAEs
7.7.1 Adsorption
7.7.2 Biological Degradation
7.7.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes
7.7.4 Other Treatment Options
7.8 Conclusion
References
8 Removal of Pharmaceutical Compounds: Overview of Treatment Methods
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sources and Occurrence of PCs
8.3 Effects of PCs
8.4 Detection and Analysis of PCs in the Environment
8.5 Treatment Methods of PCs
8.5.1 Conventional Treatment Methods (Primary/Secondary Methods)
8.5.2 Adsorption
8.5.3 Advanced Treatment Techniques
8.6 Conclusions
References
Part II Emerging Contaminants: Transport and Conventional and Advance Technologies for Treatment
9 Microbial Degradation of Pharmaceuticals
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Degradation of Pharmaceuticals
9.2.1 Metabolism of Pharmaceuticals in Human Body
9.2.2 Microbial Degradation of Pharmaceuticals
9.3 Biodegradation of Pharmaceuticals from Major Drug Classes
9.3.1 Antibiotics
9.3.2 Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
9.3.3 Antidepressants
9.3.4 Antineoplastics
9.3.5 Beta Blockers
9.3.6 Illicit Drugs
9.4 Limitations in Execution to WWTPs
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Application of Biochar for Removal of Emerging Contaminants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources, Classification, and Fate of Emerging Contaminants
10.3 Treatment Methods of ECs
10.4 Biochar as Adsorbent for ECs Removal
10.4.1 Biochar Production
10.4.2 Properties of Biochar
10.4.3 Emerging Contaminant Removal Using Biochar
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Remediation of Emerging Contaminants by Naturally Derived Adsorbents
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Adsorption
11.2.1 Mechanisms of Adsorption
11.2.2 Factors Affecting Adsorption
11.3 Removal of EC by Naturally Derived Adsorbents
11.3.1 Pharmaceuticals
11.3.2 Endocrine Disruptors
11.3.3 Personal Care Products
11.3.4 Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
11.3.5 Pesticides
11.3.6 Nanomaterials and Microplastics
11.4 Conclusions and Scope
References
12 Emerging Contaminants Removal from Wastewater by Nanotechnological Methods
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanotechnological Methods for the Removal of ECs
12.2.1 Nano Adsorption
12.2.2 Nanofiltration
12.2.3 Nanocatalysis
12.3 Future Prospects
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Magnetic Nanoparticles: Application in the Removal of Next-Generation Pollutants from Wastewater
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles
13.2.1 Metal Based Magnetic Nanoparticles
13.2.2 Nano-Carbons Based Magnetic Nanoparticles
13.2.3 Composite Based Magnetic Nanoparticles
13.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Adsorbent for Next-Generation Pollutant Removal
13.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Oxidant for Next-Generation Pollutant Removal
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Clay Supported Zero Valent Iron Nanocomposites: Advancement in the Field of Green Catalyst for Abatement of Persistent Pollutant
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Zero Valent Iron
14.2.1 Methods for Synthesis of nZVI Particles
14.2.2 Physical Methods
14.2.3 Chemical Methods
14.2.4 Carbothermal Reduction Method
14.2.5 Biological Methods
14.2.6 Electrochemical Mediated Synthesis of nZVI
14.2.7 Ultrasound Mediated Synthesis of nZVI
14.3 Surface Modification of nZVI
14.3.1 Metal Doping
14.3.2 Surface Coating
14.3.3 Supporting Matrix/material
14.4 Clay-NZVI Hybrid Nanocomposite/Clay as Supporting Material for nZVI
14.5 Application of Clay-NZVI Nanocomposite
14.5.1 Adsorbent
14.5.2 Catalyst
14.6 Conclusions and Future Prospectus
References
15 Application of Plasma-Assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes for Removal of Emerging Contaminants in Water
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Emerging Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment: Origin, Health Effects, Occurrence, Fate, and Transport
15.3 Advanced Oxidation Process for Removal of ECs in Water
15.4 Introduction to Plasma
15.4.1 Classification and Definition of Plasma
15.4.2 Brief Note of Nonthermal Plasma/Discharges
15.4.3 Plasma Induced Reactive Species
15.4.4 Quantification of Reactive Chemical Species
15.5 Plasma Assisted Degradation Process for ECs
15.5.1 Effect of Initial Pollutant Concentration
15.5.2 Effect of pH
15.5.3 Effect of Water Conductivity
15.5.4 Effect of Feed Gas Composition and Flow Rate
15.5.5 Effect of Reactor Configuration and Plasma Discharge
15.5.6 Effect of the Electrode Gap
15.5.7 Effect of Input Power
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
16 Graphene Modified Photocatalysts for the Abatement of Emerging Contaminants in Water
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Milestones in ECs Detection and Removal in Water
16.3 Introduction to Photocatalysis
16.3.1 Principle of Photocatalysis
16.3.2 Factors Affecting Photocatalysis
16.3.3 Application of Graphene Modified Photocatalysts in Removing ECs in Water
16.4 Photocatalytic Reactor Design
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes for Emerging Contaminants (ECs) Removal
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Emerging Contaminants and Their Effects
17.2.1 Pharmaceuticals (PhACs)
17.2.2 Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs)
17.2.3 Personal Care Products
17.2.4 Pesticides and Biocides
17.3 Quantification of ECs
17.4 Reverse Osmosis
17.4.1 Removal of ECs by RO Process
17.5 Nanofiltration
17.5.1 Removal of ECs by Nanofiltration Process
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Introduction to Membrane Distillation and Its Application in Emerging Contaminants Removal
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Membrane Distillation
18.2.1 Different Membrane Distillation Configuration
18.3 Emerging Contaminants Removal by Membrane Distillation
18.4 Economics and Energy of MD System
18.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
19 Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Systems and Their Performance in Removal of Emerging Contaminants
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Available Technologies for POU Water Treatment
19.2.1 Heat and Light-Based Systems
19.2.2 Chemical Treatments
19.2.3 Physical Removal Methods
19.3 Membrane-Based POU Systems
19.3.1 Membrane Filtration Technology
19.3.2 Microfiltration-Based POU Systems
19.3.3 Ultrafiltration-Based POU Systems
19.3.4 Nanofiltration and RO-Based POU Systems
19.4 Performance of Household POU Water Filters in the Removal of Emerging Contaminants
19.4.1 Activated Carbon-Based POU Systems
19.4.2 RO-Based POU Water Filters
19.5 Conclusion
References
20 Electrocoagulation Process for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants in Water and Wastewater
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Electrocoagulation
20.2.1 Mechanism of EC Process
20.2.2 Parameters Governing EC Process
20.2.3 Ecomomic Aspect of EC Process
20.2.4 Advantage and Disadvantages of EC Process
20.3 Application of EC for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants
20.4 Future Challenges
20.5 Summary and conclusion
References
21 Application of Microbial Fuel Cells for the Treatment of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater: An Overview
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Microbial Fuel Cells
21.3 Emerging Contaminants
21.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
22 Material and Process-Related Contaminants in Solar Photovoltaics: Key Issues, and Future Prospects
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Solar Cell Technologies
22.2.1 Overview of the Material Properties of Absorbing Materials Used in Different PV Technologies
22.2.2 First-Generation (or Silicon) Solar Cells
22.2.3 Second-Generation (or Thin-Film) PV Cells
22.2.4 Third Generation (or Emerging) Solar PV Cells
22.3 Metrics for Evaluating the Economic and Environmental Impact of Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies
22.4 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Impacts
22.4.1 Silicon Solar Cells
22.4.2 Thin-Film Solar Cells
22.4.3 Perovskite Solar Cell (PSCs)
22.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
23 Colloid Transport in Porous Media at Multiple Length Scales
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Colloid Retention Mechanisms
23.2.1 Deposition at Interfaces
23.2.2 Blocking
23.2.3 Straining
23.2.4 Ripening
23.2.5 Size Exclusion
23.3 Scales Associated with Colloid Transport
23.3.1 Pore Scale
23.3.2 Column Scale
23.3.3 Sand-Box Scale
23.3.4 Field Scale
23.4 Linking of Transport Processes Across Various Scales
23.5 Conclusions
References