New Horizons in Natural Compound Research

Front Cover
New Horizons in Natural Compound Research
New Horizons in Natural Compound Research
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Biographies
Preface
1 - Natural compounds for health and environment: past, present, and future
1. Introduction
1.1 Natural compounds in history
1.2 Medicinal plants
1.3 Medicinal natural compounds from other sources
1.4 Different class of metabolites as natural compounds
2. Vital natural compounds
2.1 Natural compounds from fungi
2.2 Natural compounds from plants
2.3 Natural compounds from the marine environment
2.4 Natural compounds from marine algae
2.5 Natural compounds from marine sponges
3. Future of natural compounds
4. Conclusions
References
2 - Recent advances in extraction of natural compounds
1. Introduction
2. Extraction methodologies and their applications
2.1 Classical solvent extraction
2.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)
2.3 Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
2.4 Ionic liquid-assisted extraction (ILAE)
2.5 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
2.6 Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)
2.7 Accelerated or pressurized-solvent extraction (PSE)
3. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
3 - Cutting edge approaches for natural product purification
1. Introduction
2. Extraction
3. Pre-isolation
4. Isolation
5. Purification
6. A typical approach for isolation of anthocyanin monomers from red cabbage
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4 - Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for high-throughput natural products screening and compound discovery: an ...
1. Introduction
2. MS-based metabolomics
2.1 Targeted MS-based metabolomics
2.2 Untargeted MS-based metabolomics
3. Applications of MS-based metabolomics in NP research
3.1 Fingerprinting and profiling of NPs
3.2 NPs de-replication and drug discovery
3.3 Bioactivity assessment, metabolism, and biomarker discovery of NPs
3.4 Quality control of NPs
4. Conclusions
References
5 - Green synthesis of natural compounds
1. Introduction
1.1 Principles of green chemistry [2]
1.2 The future of green chemistry
1.3 General synthetic approaches to green chemistry
1.3.1 Microwave synthesis
1.4 Ultrasound supported green synthesis [1]
1.5 Total synthesis of natural product psymberin using ultrasonic irradiation
1.6 Total synthesis of natural products such as (±)-geigerin, (±)-geigerin acetate, and (±)-6-deoxygeigerin [1,18]
1.7 Grinding technique
1.8 Ball milling
1.9 The biological-based green chemistry methods
1.10 Microorganism synthesis of natural product Acutumine
1.10.1 Chalcones transformation using bacteria
1.10.2 Chalcones transformation using green solvents
1.11 Ionic liquids are used as green catalysts
2. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
6 - Diversity of chemical skeletons: a practical strategy to benefit
1. Introduction
2. Structural diversity in natural products
2.1 Terpenes
2.1.1 Monoterpenes
2.1.2 Sesquiterpenes
2.1.3 Diterpenes
2.1.4 Triterpenes
2.1.5 Tetraterpenes
2.1.6 Polyterpenes
2.2 Alkaloids
2.2.1 Pyrrole and pyrrolidine alkaloids
2.2.2 Indole (pyrrole ring fused to benzene)
2.2.3 Piperidine alkaloids
2.2.4 Quinoline alkaloids (benzene ring fused at 2,3-position of pyridine ring)
2.2.5 Isoquinoline alkaloids (benzene ring fused at 3,4-position of pyridine ring)
2.2.6 Aporphine alkaloids
2.2.7 Indolizidine alkaloids
2.2.8 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
2.2.9 Tropane
2.2.10 Purines
2.3 Phenolic compounds
2.3.1 Phenolic acids
2.3.2 Coumarins
2.3.3 Flavonoids
2.3.4 Polyphenolic amides
2.3.5 Stilbenes
2.3.6 Tannins
2.3.7 Lignans
2.3.8 Lignins
2.4 Polyketides
2.5 Carbohydrates
2.5.1 Sugars
2.5.2 Oligosaccharides
2.5.3 Polysaccharides
2.6 Antibiotics
3. Semisynthetic or modified NPs
4. Synthetic approaches for building chemical skeletons
5. Conclusion
References
7 - Modern approaches for mining of novel compounds from the microbes
1. Introduction
2. Traditional methods and techniques used for mining of novel compounds along with their limitations
3. Modern use of databases in hunting new compounds
4. Mining for novel compounds using genomic databases
5. Proteomics approach for the mining for NCs
5.1 Chemical biology: activity-based probes
5.2 Direct proteomic analysis of biosynthetic enzymes
5.3 Proteomics-based analysis of peptidic natural products
6. Metabolomics and mass spectrometry approach in the discovery of NCs
7. Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
8 - Informatics and computational methods in natural product drug discovery
1. Introduction
1.1 Category of natural products
1.2 Semantic methods for drug discovery
1.2.1 Literature mining
1.2.2 Electronic health record mining
1.2.3 Association of HTS data to recognize disease treatmens
1.3 Importance of bioinformatics in discovery of natural products
2. Evolution of bioinformatics concept: a new vision
2.1 Three-dimensional structure of proteins
2.2 Cheminformatics and natural products
3. High-throughput virtual screening
3.1 Gene expression perturbation
3.2 Data required for natural product
3.3 A vision for natural product drug discovery in future
Author contributions
Conflict of interest statement
References
9 - Compound synergy in natural crude extract: a novel concept in drug formulation
1. Introduction
2. What is the synergy effect?
3. Factors responsible for the synergetic effect
3.1 Synergetic multi-target effects
3.2 Pharmacokinetic or physicochemical effects based on solubility, resorption rate, and bioavailability
3.3 Interactions of agents with resistance bacteria
4. Synergistic effect on diabetes
5. Synergistic effect on antimicrobial activity
6. Synergistic effect of natural drugs on breast cancer cell
7. Conclusion
References
10 - Small molecules vs biologics
1. Introduction
1.1 Sources of small molecules and biologics
1.2 Isolation of small molecules vs biologics
1.2.1 Isolation of small molecules
1.2.2 Isolation of biologics
1.2.3 Purification techniques of small molecules and biologics
1.3 Techniques for the characterization of small molecules and biologics
1.3.1 Biologics
1.3.1.1 Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)
1.3.1.2 Electrospray (ES) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)
1.3.1.3 Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
1.3.1.4 Tandem mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins
1.4 Mechanism of action of biologics and small molecule
1.4.1 Pharmacodynamic of small molecules and biologics
1.4.2 Physiochemical properties of small molecules and biologics
1.5 Pharmacokinetics of small molecules vs biologics
1.5.1 Differences between small molecules and biologics
1.5.2 Economical sustainability of biologics and small molecule drugs
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
11 - Introduction to enzymes and organocatalysis
1. Definition and classifications of enzymes
1.1 General mechanism of action of enzymes
1.2 Properties of enzymes
1.3 Factors that influence enzyme production process
1.4 Enzyme kinetics
1.5 Enzyme yield
1.6 Inorganic elements that serve as cofactors for enzymes
2. Introduction to organocatalysis
2.1 Chiral molecules
2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of organocatalysts
3. Conclusion
Suggestion
References
12 - Natural products for the prevention and management of nephrolithiasis
1. Introduction
2. Prospects for nephrolithiasis management and improvements in natural product approaches
2.1 Medicinal plants
2.1.1 The role of plant polyphenols in nephrolithiasis
2.1.2 Examples on anti-nephrolithiatic medicinal plants
2.2 Natural products
2.2.1 Fish oil
2.2.2 Probiotics
2.2.3 Vitamins
2.2.4 Citrus juices
References
13 - Enzymatic preparation, purification, and therapeutic applications of marine oligosaccharides
1. Introduction
2. Marine polysaccharides and their oligosaccharides
3. Enzymatic preparation of bioactive oligosaccharides from complex polysaccharides
3.1 Agaro-oligosaccharides (AGOS)
3.2 Carrageenan oligosaccharides (COS)
3.3 Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS)
4. Purification of oligosaccharides
5. Application of oligosaccharides in biomedicine
5.1 Agaro-oligosaccharides (AGOS)
5.2 Carrageenan oligosaccharides (COS)
5.3 Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS)
5.4 Other oligosaccharides
6. Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
14 - Marine microalgae: an emerging source of pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds
1. Introduction
2. Bioactive compounds from microalgae
2.1 Secondary metabolites from microalgae
2.1.1 Carotenoids
2.1.1.1 β-carotene
2.1.1.2 Astaxanthin
2.1.1.3 Zeaxanthin
2.1.1.4 Lutein
2.1.1.5 Violaxanthin
2.1.1.6 Fucoxanthin
2.1.2 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
2.1.3 Proteins
3. Applications of bioactive compounds
4. Microalgae as a source of pharmaceuticals
4.1 Antimicrobial activities of microalgae
4.1.1 Antibacterial activity
4.1.2 Antiviral activity
4.1.3 Antifungal activity
4.1.3.1 Algal drugs: applications and future
5. Enhancement of algal metabolites
6. Conclusion
References
15 - Natural compounds in chemopreventive foods for prevention and management of non-communicable diseases
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. Cause of civilization diseases
3. How oxidative stress cause NCDs and antioxidants can prevent NCDs
3.1 Cancer
3.2 Diabetes
3.3 Hypertension
3.4 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
3.5 Lung diseases
3.6 Neurological diseases or neurodegenerative disorder (NDDs)
4. What are chemopreventive foods?
5. Antioxidants in chemopreventive foods to prevent or control civilization diseases
5.1 Food and vegetables for controlling cancer
5.2 Food and vegetables for controlling lung disease or cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
5.3 Food and vegetables for controlling diabetes
5.4 Food and vegetables for controlling neurological disorders (NDDs)
5.5 Food and vegetables for controlling hypertension
6. Challenges or loopholes in chemoprevention strategy
7. Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgment
References
16 - Insect metabolome: New paradigm of novel metabolites discovery and its potential applications
1. Introduction
2. Specialized methods for insect metabolome analysis
3. Insect metabolome: diversity and spatio-temporal dynamics
4. Uniqueness of insect metabolome
5. Insect-associated metabolome
5.1 Plant-insect interaction metabolome
5.2 Insect gut microbiome metabolome
6. Potential application of insect metabolites
6.1 Therapeutics application
6.2 Nutraceutical application
6.3 Industrial application
6.4 Other applications
7. Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
17 - New targets for old drugs: drug repurposing approach for accelerating the drug discovery engine with minimum f ...
1. Introduction to drug repurposing: beyond the “old wine in new bottle”
2. Experimental and computational approaches for drug repurposing
3. Repurposing the drugs for effective cancer management
3.1 Breast cancer
3.2 Colorectal cancer
3.3 Glioblastoma
3.4 Lung cancer
3.5 Pancreatic cancer
3.6 Leukemia
4. Repurposing for cardiovascular diseases
5. Repurposing for neurodegenerative disorders
5.1 Drugs repurposed as neurodegenerative disorders play a neuroprotective role
5.1.1 Alzheimer's disease
5.1.2 Parkinson's disease
5.1.3 Multiple sclerosis
5.1.4 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
5.1.5 Huntington's disease
5.1.6 Wolfram syndrome
5.1.7 Friedreich's ataxia
6. Drug repurposing in diabetes
7. Repurposing for viral diseases
7.1 Drug repurposing in retrovirus
8. Repurposing for microbial diseases
9. Conclusion
References
18 - Modern role of essential oils in drug discovery and medicinal products
1. Introduction
2. Methods of extraction of essential oils (EOs)
3. Medicinal plants as a source of essential oils
4. Essential oils as a source of medicine and drug discovery
5. Conclusions
References
19 - Cyclodextrins (CDs) derived from natural source as an essential component in biopharmaceutics
1. Introduction
1.1 History
1.2 Natural production of CDs
1.3 Chemical and physical aspects of CDs
1.4 Cyclodextrins inclusion complex formation
2. Application of cyclodextrins in biopharmaceuticals
3. Regulatory aspects of CDs
4. Conclusion
References
20- Natural compound-based scaffold to design in vitro disease systems
1. Introduction
2D cell culture system
3D system
4. Scaffold for 3D cell culturing
5. Types of scaffolds
5.1 Synthetic scaffolds
5.2 Natural scaffolds
5.2.1 Sugars
5.2.2 Proteins
5.2.3 ECM-derived
5.3 Hydrogels
6. Conclusion
7. Future perspective
Acknowledgment
References
21 - Natural compounds as pesticides, emerging trends, prospects, and challenges
1. Introduction
2. Different sources for biopesticides
2.1 Microbial origin
2.1.1 Entomopathogenic fungi
2.1.2 Bacteria
2.1.3 Viral pesticides
2.1.4 Protozoa
2.1.5 Nematodes
2.1.6 Advantages and disadvantages of microbial pesticides in general
2.2 Biochemical pesticides
2.2.1 Insect pheromones
2.2.2 Plant-based extracts and essential oils
2.2.3 Insect growth regulators
2.3 Plant origin
3. Mode of action of different biopesticides
3.1 Biopesticides of microbial origin (product based)
3.1.1 Important microbial biopesticides and their mode of action
3.1.1.1 Bacillus thuringiensis
3.1.1.2 Streptomyces (avermectins)
3.2 Biochemical pesticides
3.3 Plant bioinsecticides
3.3.1 Important plant biopesticides and their mode of action
3.3.1.1 Pyrethrin
3.3.1.2 Ryanodine
3.3.1.3 Altriset
3.3.1.4 Nicotine, neonicotinoids, and spinosyns
3.3.1.5 Azadirachtin
4. Challenges
5. Prospects
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
22 - Natural compounds as insecticides—a novel understanding
1. Introduction
2. Natural plant compounds as insecticides
2.1 Rotenone
2.2 Sabadilla
2.3 Ryania
2.4 Pyrethrum
2.5 Neem
2.6 Horticultural oil
2.7 Dormant and summer oils
2.8 Natural soap
2.9 Insecticidal soaps
2.10 Resin
2.11 Soapnuts-based pesticides
3. Conclusion
3.1 Future prospect
Acknowledgment
References
23 - Nanoformulations of natural compounds for herbicide and agri-food application
1. Introduction
2. Nanotechnologies in agriculture
2.1 Nanoherbicides
2.2 Nanopesticides
2.3 Nanoinsecticides
2.4 Nanobionics
2.5 Nano-fertilizer
2.6 Nano-biosensor
3. Nanotechnologies in food science
3.1 Food processing
3.2 Food packaging
3.3 Food preservation
3.4 Food safety and security
3.5 Nanonutraceuticals
4. Summary and future prospect
Declaration of competing interest
References
24 - Natural compounds for bioremediation and biodegradation of pesticides
1. Introduction
2. Pesticides and their impacts on sustainability
3. Concerns related to pesticide pollution
3.1 Impact of pesticides on human health
3.2 Pesticide toxicity to soil and water ecosystems
4. Bioremediation of pesticides
4.1 Salient features of bioremediation
4.2 Types of bioremediation
4.2.1 In situ bioremediation technologies
4.2.1.1 Biosparging
4.2.1.2 Bioventing
4.2.1.3 Biostimulation
4.2.1.4 Bioaugmentation
4.2.1.5 Biopiling
4.2.1.6 Phytoremediation
4.2.1.6.1 Phytoextraction
4.2.1.6.2 Phytofiltration
4.2.1.6.3 Phytostabilization
4.2.1.6.4 Phytovolatilization
4.2.1.6.5 Phytodegradation
4.2.2 Ex situ bioremediation
4.2.2.1 Bioreactors
4.2.2.2 Composting
4.2.2.3 Landfarming
4.2.2.4 Biofilters
5. Types of pesticide bioremediion based on the type of microbes/enzymes
5.1 Fungal biodegradation of pesticides
5.2 Bacterial degradation of pesticides
5.3 Enzymes involved in pesticide bioremediation
5.3.1 Laccases
5.3.2 Esterases
5.3.3 Phosphatases
5.3.4 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)
5.3.5 Cytochrome P450 (CYP)
6. Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
25 - Role of natural compounds in metal removing strategies
1. Introduction
1.1 Entry of heavy metals into the environment
2. Natural compounds used in heavy metals removal
2.1 Biosurfactant-based removal of heavy metals
2.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) based removal of heavy metals
2.3 Biopolymers-based removal of heavy metals
2.3.1 Alginate-based materials used in heavy metals removal
2.3.2 Lignin-based adsorbents and heavy metal removal
2.3.3 Chitosan-based adsorbents and heavy metal removal
2.3.4 Cellulose-based adsorbent for heavy metals removal
2.4 Starch-based composites, adsorbent heavy metals removal
2.5 Agriculture wastes-based removal of heavy metals
3. Conclusions
3.1 Future prospects
References
26 - Policies, regulatory requirements, and risks in natural product research
1. Introduction
1.1 Natural products and intellectual property
1.1.1 Natural products are not patent eligible unless
1.1.2 Natural products are patent eligible if
2. Protection of new plant variety
3. Natural products and international protection
3.1 Convention on Biological Diversity and Nagoya Protocol
3.2 World Intellectual Property Organization
3.3 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
3.4 World Trade Organization and TRIPS
4. Natural resources and associated traditional knowledge
5. Bioprospecting and biopiracy
6. Conclusion
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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