New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Sustainable Agriculture: Microorganisms as Biostimulants

Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Preface
CHAPTER 1 - Role of microorganism as new generation plant bio-stimulants: An assessment
1.1 Background
1.2 Introduction of plant bio-stimulants
1.3 Basic mechanism of bio-stimulants
1.4 Sources of plant bio-stimulants
1.5 Microbes as plant bio-stimulant
1.5.1 Fungi as bio-stimulants
1.5.2 Bacteria as bio-stimulants
1.5.3 Microbial consortia as bio-stimulants
1.6 Role of microbes in nutrient uptake/stimulation
1.6.1 Nitrogen fixation
1.6.2 Phosphate solubilisation
1.6.3 Hormones and other secondary metabolite
1.7 Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 2 - Exploiting biostimulant properties of Trichoderma for sustainable plant production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Trichoderma metabolism: from decomposers to plant growth promoters
2.3 Trichoderma-plant chemical dialogue
2.3.1 Trichoderma released compounds in plant growth promotion
2.4 Trichoderma-induced resistance to plant pathogens
2.4.1 Salicylic acid-mediated interactions
2.4.2 Jasmonic acid and other oxylipins
2.4.3 Biocontrol of aphids, nematodes and other pests
2.5 Trichoderma and plant nutrition
2.5.1 Major nutritional needs of crops
2.5.2 Phosphate nutrition
2.5.3 Nitrate use efficiency
2.5.4 Iron acquisition
2.5.5 Better usage of organic nutriments
2.6 Soil acidification in Trichoderma-plant interactions
2.7 Salt stress tolerance mediated by Trichoderma
2.7.1 Plant adaptive responses to salinity
2.7.2 Trichoderma improves plant adaptation to salt stress
2.8 Conclusions and future prospects
References
CHAPTER 3 - Bacillus rhizobacteria: A versatile biostimulant for sustainable agriculture
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Diversity of Bacillus species
3.3 Direct mechanism of plant growth promotion
3.3.1 Phosphate solubilization
3.3.2 Nitrogen fixation
3.3.3 Potassium solubilization
3.3.4 Phytohormones production
3.3.5 Siderophores production
3.4 Indirect mechanism
3.4.1 Antibiotic production
3.4.2 Lytic enzyme production
3.4.3 Induction of systemic resistance
3.4.3.1 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL)
3.4.3.2 Phenols
3.4.3.3 β−1, 3-glucanases (PR2)
3.4.3.4 Peroxidase (PO)
3.4.3.5 Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)
3.4.3.6 Scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
3.5 Future prospects
References
CHAPTER 4 - Arbuscular mycorrhizae, a treasured symbiont to agriculture
4.1 Introduction to mycorrhiza
4.2 VAM in agriculture
4.2.1 AMF and PGPR
4.2.2 Soil fertility and nutrient uptake
4.2.3 Water uptake
4.2.4 Soil erosion prevention
4.2.5 Effect on plant physiology and biochemical attributes
4.2.6 AMF as biocontrol agent
4.2.7 Weed control
4.3 Application of AMF in bioremediation
4.4 Renaturation and afforestation
4.5 Mass production of VAM: the past, present and future
4.5.1 Substrate based production
4.5.2 Substrate free production
4.5.3 In-vitro production of AM fungi
4.5.4 Formulation of AMF
4.5.5 Factors affecting AMF bioinoculants
4.6 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 5 - Micro and macroalgae: A potential biostimulant for abiotic stress management and crop production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Review of literature and recent developments
5.2.1 Global production of algae
5.2.2 Harvesting of algal biomass
5.2.3 Extraction of bioactive compounds from macroalgae
5.2.4 Extraction of bioactive components from microalgae
5.2.5 Phytohormone constituents of algae
5.2.6 Mineral and organic constituents of algae
5.2.7 Formulation of algal biostimulants
5.2.8 Applications of algal biostimulants
5.2.9 Challenges in commercialization of algal biostimulants and tackling strategies
5.3 Conclusion and future prospects
References
CHAPTER 6 - Fluorescent Pseudomonads: A multifaceted biocontrol agent for sustainable agriculture
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Species diversity of Fluorescent Pseudomanads
6.3 Mechanisms of Fluorescent Pseudomanads
6.3.1 Plant growth promotion
6.3.2 Siderophores
6.3.3 Hydrogen cyanide production
6.3.4 Antibiotic production
6.3.4.1 2,4-Diacetyl phloro glucinol (DAPG)
6.3.4.2 Phenazines
6.3.4.3 Pyrrolnitrin and pyoluteorin
6.3.5 Lytic enzyme production
6.3.6 Induced systemic resistance
6.4 Future prospects
References
CHAPTER 7 - Role of Piriformospora indica in inducing soil microbial communities and drought stress tolerance in plants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Soil microbial communities: benign hidden players in plant growth
7.3 P. indica: an overview
7.3.1 P. indica mediated microbe-microbe interaction shape rhizospheric microbiome
7.3.2 P. indica as a promoter of synergistic tripartite symbiosis
7.4 Basic mechanisms in plants to counter drought stress
7.5 Morphological and physiological innate responses in plants against drought stress
7.5.1 Plants morphological responses in drought stress condition
7.5.2 Plants physiological response in drought
7.6 Multidimensional contribution of P. indica in providing tolerance against drought stress
7.6.1 Bioprotectant properties of P. indica to confer drought stress tolerance in maize: a case study
7.7 P. indica mediated adaptative responses generated in rice plants to cope up drought stress
7.8 Scope of P. indica for the promotion of sustainable agriculture in xerophytic habitats
7.9 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 8 - Microbes-based bio-stimulants towards sustainable oilseeds production: Nutrient recycling and genetics involved
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Soil microbes and plant interactions
8.2.1 Plant and microorganisms
8.2.2 Soil and microorganism
8.2.3 Soil and plant
8.2.4 The three way interaction
8.3 Geochemical changes in plant rhizosphere and release of mineral nutrients
8.3.1 Weathering
8.3.2 Carbonates and phosphates precipitation
8.3.3 Nutrient cycling
8.4 VAM fungi for efficient nutrient acquisition and mobilization
8.4.1 Uniqueness of VAM
8.4.2 Interaction of biotic and abiotic factors with VAM
8.4.2.1 Abiotic factors
8.4.2.2 Biotic factors
8.4.3 Mass production of VAM
8.4.4 Tips for the efficient use of VAM
8.5 Genetics involved in nutrient cycling
8.5.1 Nitrogen cycle
8.5.2 Carbon cycle
8.5.3 Phosphorus transformation
8.5.4 Potassium solubilization
8.5.5 Sulphur transformation
8.6 Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 9 - Role of soil microbes in micronutrient solubilization
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Importance of micronutrients in plant nutrition
9.3 Sources and pools of micronutrients in soil and their significance in plant uptake
9.4 Factors affecting the availability of micronutrients
9.4.1 Cationic micronutrients
9.4.2 Anionic micronutrients
9.5 Influence of rhizosphere in micronutrient availability
9.6 Soil pH and pE as an indicator of micronutrient availability
9.7 Micronutrients
9.7.1 ZINC (Zn)
9.7.2 Manganese
9.7.3 Iron (Fe)
9.7.4 Copper (Cu)
9.7.5 Boron (B)
9.7.6 Molybdenum (Mo)
9.7.7 Chlorine (Cl)
9.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
CHAPTER 10 - Sustainable induction of systemic resistance in response to potential biological control agents in crops
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Novel scenario of biological control
10.3 Suppressive soils pathogens
10.4 Potential in PGPR
10.5 Induction of systemic resistance
10.5.1 Role of PGPR
10.5.2 Abundance of antibiotics
10.5.3 Siderophore production
10.5.4 Poduction of HCN
10.5.5 Systemic acquired resistance in plants
10.5.6 Mechanisms of induced systemic resistance
10.5.7 Conception molecular in PGPR
10.5.8 Biocontrol products of PGPR
10.6 Fungal BCAs
10.6.1 Relevance of Trichoderma
10.7 Potental of non-pathogenic strains
10.7.1 Fusarium strains
10.7.2 Pythium strains
10.7.3 Potential of penicillum strain
10.7.4 Potential of Rhizoctonia strain
10.7.5 Potential of Colletotrichum starin
10.8 Conclusion and future prospects
References
CHAPTER 11 - Psychrophilic microbes: Biodiversity, beneficial role and improvement of cold stress in crop plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Historical background
11.3 Biodiversity of psychrophilic microbes
11.4 Mechanisms of adaptation of psychrophilic microbes
11.4.1 Structural adaptations
11.5 Psychrophilic microbes used in crop improvement
11.6 The beneficial role of psychrophilic microbes in crop performance
11.6.1 Biological nitrogen fixation
11.6.2 Phytohormones production
11.6.3 Solubilization of beneficial nutrients
11.6.4 Siderophore production
11.6.5 Antifungal activity, antibiotics and enzymes
11.7 Conclusion and future prospects
References
CHAPTER12 - Role of plant-associated bacteria as bio-stimulants in alleviation of chromium toxicity in plants
12.1 Cr toxicity to the environment
12.1.1 Effects on human
12.1.2 Effect on plants
12.1.3 Effect on microorganisms
12.2 Strategies of Cr remediation from contaminated environment
12.3 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their beneficial traits
12.3.1 Direct mechanism of plant growth promotion
12.3.1.1 Fixation of molecular nitrogen (N)
12.3.1.2 Mineral phosphate solubilization (P-solubilization)
12.3.1.3 Auxins (IAA)
12.3.1.4 ACC deaminize
12.3.1.5 Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
12.3.2 Indirect mechanisms
12.3.2.1 Antibiosis
12.3.2.2 Siderophores
12.3.2.3 Lytic enzymes
12.4 Cr induced oxidative stress in plants and anti-oxidative enzymes
12.4.1 ROS scavenging system in plants
12.4.1.1 Enzymatic antioxidants
12.4.1.2 Non-enzymatic antioxidants
12.5 PGPR and phytoremediation
12.5.1 Bacterial colonization of plant rhizosphere
12.5.2 Microbial mediated bioavailability of metals in the plant rhizosphere
12.5.3 Role of microbes in mobilization of heavy metals from polluted soils through phytoextraction method
12.5.4 Role of microbes in phytostabilization of metals from polluted soils through immobilization process
12.6 Case study of Cr phytoremediation mediated by root-associated bacteria
12.7 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 13 - Microbe-based plant biostimulants and their formulations for growth promotion and stress tolerance in plants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microbes as plant biostimulants
13.2.1 Bacteria-based plant biostimulants
13.2.2 Fungi-based plant biostimulants
13.3 Mechanism of development of microbe-based plant biostimulants
13.4 Microbial bioformulation based plant biostimulants
13.4.1 Solid bioformulation
13.4.2 Liquid bioformulation
13.5 Microbes as biofertilizers
13.5.1 Nitrogen-fixing microbes
13.5.2 Phosphate mineralizing and solubilizing microbes
13.5.3 Siderophore producing microbes
13.5.4 Phytohormone producing microbes
13.6 Biopesticides
13.7 Significance of microbes in abiotic and biotic stress alleviation
13.7.1 Role in management of abiotic stress
13.7.2 Role in management of biotic stress
13.8 Challenges and future prospects
13.9 Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 14 - Microbial consortia for augmentation of plant growth–revisiting the promising approach towards sustainable ag ...

14.1 Rhizosphere: a nutrient rich niche
14.2 Microbial marketing strategies
14.3 Plant microbe interactions
14.4 Microbe-microbe interactions
14.5 Plant probiotics
14.6 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
14.7 Nitrogen fixation
14.8 Mineral acquisition
14.9 Phytohormone production
14.10 Prevention of diseases and development of ISR
14.11 Biocontrol agents
14.12 Biostimulants
14.13 Microbial consortia: the dynamics of co-operation
14.14 Binary consortium
14.15 Three or multi partner consortium development
14.16 Multi-omics for development of microbial consortia for plant growth promotion
References
CHAPTER 15 - Phosphate solubilization by microorganisms
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Phosphorus in the soil system
15.1.2 Microbial phosphate solubilization
15.1.3 Mechanisms of P-solubilization
15.1.3.1 Acid production theory
15.1.3.2 Enzyme theory
15.1.4 Factors affecting P-solubilization and colonization
15.1.4.1 Carbon and N source
15.1.4.2 Temperature and pH
15.2 Research the selection of phosphate-solubilizing microbes
15.3 Bioinoculants containing strains of P solubilizing microorganisms and biomaphos - an example of a successful case in ...
References
CHAPTER 16 - Fungal endophytes as biostimulants of secondary metabolism in plants: a sustainable agricultural practice fo ...
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Why do we need sustainable agriculture practice?
16.1.2 What is biostimulant and how they are impacting the modern day agriculture?
16.1.3 What is fungal endophyte and why they are important as biostimulant?
16.2 Why do we need to study fungal-medicinal plant interaction to make secondary metabolites?
16.3 Role of endophytic fungi in production of secondary metabolites; host-endophyte relationship
16.4 Metabolic interactions of plant endophytes
16.5 Different strategies to exploit fungal endophytes as biostimulants for production of commercially important plant-der ...
16.5.1 Elicitation
16.5.2 Co-culture method
16.6 Secondary metabolic compounds produced by medicinal plants endophytic fungi in vitro
16.6.1 Azadirachta indica A. juss
16.6.2 Cajanus cajan (L.) huth
16.6.3 Camptotheca acuminata decne
16.6.4 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don
16.6.5 Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) briq
16.6.6 Corylus avellana L
16.6.7 Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook.f
16.6.8 Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) vahl
16.6.9 Gastrodia elata blume
16.6.10 Ginkgo biloba L
16.6.11 Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex murray)
16.6.12 Juniperus sp L
16.6.13 Podophyllum hexandrum royle
16.6.14 Rheum emodi wall. ex meissn
16.6.15 Salvia sp. L
16.6.16 Taxus sp. L
16.6.17 Vitis vinifera L. cv. merlot
16.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
CHAPTER 17 - Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from the perspectives of tea plantations and diseases
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Tea cultivation in India
17.3 Tea varieties
17.4 Shade trees in tea plantations
17.5 Pests and diseases of tea
17.6 Tea rhizosphere
17.7 Rhizospheric activity
17.8 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
17.9 PGPR and prospective benefits to tea plants
17.10 PGPR as biocontrol agents in tea cultivation
17.11 Tea plantations and microbial colonization
17.12 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 18 - Microbiome-based approaches to enhance soil health in arable land
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Conventional microbe-based approach for enhancement of soil health
18.3 Limitations associated with conventional approaches
18.4 Microbiome: a brief overview
18.5 Approaches used to engineer the microbiome
18.6 Impact of microbiome-based approaches on the health of plant and soil
18.7 Future of microbiome-based approaches in enhancing soil health: integration of metagenomics and metabolomics approach ...
18.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
CHAPTER19 - Deciphering microbial consortium from termite gut for biofertilizer consortium formulation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Material and methods
19.2.1 Surface sterilization of termites, removal of gut
19.2.2 DNA extraction, sequencing and sequence analysis
19.2.3 Metagenome sequence analyses
19.3 Results and discussions
19.3.1 Alpha diversity
19.3.2 Rarefaction curve
19.3.3 Taxonomic richness
19.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
CHAPTER 20 - Revivification of rhizobacteria-promoting plant growth for sustainable agricultural development
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Rhizosphere soil
20.3 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
20.4 PGPR in farming
20.5 Bio-fertilization
20.6 The PGPR biological control agents
20.7 Mechanisms of direct
20.7.1 Biological nitrogen fixation
20.7.2 Mineral solubilization/mobilization
20.7.3 PGPR is a regulator of plant development
20.7.4 Indole-3-Acetic acid (IAA) or auxin
20.7.5 Gibberellins and cytokinins
20.7.6 The activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminize
20.7.7 The production of siderophore
20.8 Indirect mechanisms
20.8.1 Antibiotics
20.8.2 Lytic enzymes
20.8.3 Organic volatile compounds
20.8.4 Biosurfactants
20.8.5 Biotic and abiotic stress tolerance
20.8.6 Induced systemic resistance (ISR)
20.8.7 PGPR in phytoremediation
20.9 Sustainability of agriculture and future perspective
20.10 Conclusions
References
Index
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