New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Sustainable Agriculture: Revisiting Green Chemicals

Front Cover
New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
1 Alternative strategies to synthetic chemical fertilizers: revitalization of soil quality for sustainable agriculture usin...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Green manure for the revitalization of soil quality
1.3 Organic compost for the revitalization of soil quality
1.4 Biochar for the revitalization of soil quality
1.4.1 What is biochar?
1.5 Effects of biochar on the nutrient availability in soil
1.6 Effects of biochar on soil quality
1.7 Microbial carrier of biochar
1.8 Use of biochar for remediation in agricultural soils
1.9 Uncertainties of biochar
1.10 Future prospects of biochar use in agricultural soils
1.11 Organo-mineral fertilizers: past, present, and future
1.11.1 What is an organo-mineral fertilizer?
1.12 Effects of organo-mineral fertilizers on soil productivity
1.13 Effects of organo-mineral fertilizers on plant growth and plant nutrient use efficiency
1.14 Role of organo-mineral fertilizers in sustainable agriculture
1.15 Bio-fertilizers
1.16 Future perspectives of bio-fertilizers
References
2 Application of biostimulants to improve agronomic and physiological responses of plants: a review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The response of plants to biostimulant elements
2.3 Biostimulants: definitions and classifications
2.4 Biostimulant origins
2.5 Factors of biostimulants on growth
2.6 The efficiency of biostimulants on the chemical composition
2.7 Biostimulant use on vegetable crops
2.8 Conclusions
References
3 Green nanotechnology: a paradigm, panacea and new perspective for sustainable agriculture
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Background
3.1.2 Green nanotechnology
3.1.3 Nanomaterials or nanoparticles
3.1.4 Brief description of green synthesis of nanomaterial and characterization
3.1.5 Overview of engineered nanomaterials
3.1.6 Classification of nanomaterials
3.1.6.1 Nanoemulsions
3.1.6.2 Nanoclays
3.1.6.3 Nanoparticles
3.1.6.3.1 Inorganic nanoparticles
3.1.6.3.2 Organic nanoparticle
3.1.6.4 Fluorescent nanomaterials
3.1.7 Factors affecting the effect of engineered nanomaterials
3.2 Review literature and recent developments
3.2.1 Occurrence of nanomaterial in a living system
3.2.2 Occurrence of nanomaterial in the agriculture system
3.2.3 Uptake and translocation mechanism of nanoparticles in plants
3.2.3.1 Uptake and translocation of nanoparticles
3.2.3.1.1 Foliar uptake and translocation of NPs
3.2.3.1.2 The uptake and translocation of nanoparticles in the plant via the root system
3.2.4 Phytotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials
3.2.5 Green nanotechnology approach for sustainable agriculture
3.2.5.1 Increase productivity
3.2.5.2 Crop protection
3.2.5.2.1 Nanofertilizers
3.2.5.2.2 Nanopesticides
3.2.5.3 Precision farming
3.2.5.4 Stress tolerance
3.2.5.5 Soil enrichment
3.2.5.6 Crop growth
3.2.5.7 Crop improvement
3.2.5.8 Pollution monitoring
3.2.5.8.1 Diagnostic
3.2.5.8.2 Pollutant remediation
3.2.6 Green nanotechnology approaches in other sectors
3.2.6.1 Approaches to green nanotechnology for engineering smart plant sensors
3.2.6.2 Approaches to green nanotechnology for the food sector
3.2.6.3 Approaches to green nanotechnology for water and wastewater treatment
3.2.6.4 Approaches to green nanotechnology for pollution monitoring
3.2.6.5 Approaches to green nanotechnology for the energy sector and photovoltaic cells
3.2.6.6 Approaches to green nanotechnology for nanofabrics
3.2.6.7 Approaches of nanobiotechnology for medicines, drugs, defense, and security
3.2.6.8 Approaches to nanobiotechnology for cosmetics
3.2.6.9 Approaches of nanobiotechnology for electronics, fuel cells, batteries, space, chemical sensors, automobiles, and t...
3.3 Conclusion and future prospects
References
4 Feasibility and challenges of biopesticides application
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biopesticides
4.2.1 Microbial biopesticides
4.2.2 Plant-incorporated protectants
4.2.3 Biochemical pesticides
4.3 Merits and disadvantages of biopesticides
4.4 Role of biopesticides
4.5 Application of biopesticides
4.6 Commercialization of biopesticides
4.7 Conclusion and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
5 How the soil nitrogen nutrient promotes plant growth—a critical assessment
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 One-to-one care for soil N controlling
5.1.2 Status of N concentration in planting soil
5.1.3 N mineralization and immobilization from soil organic matter
5.1.4 Is microbe helping in plant nitrogen acquisition?
5.1.5 Nitrogen uptake and assimilation in plants
5.1.6 N localization in plants
5.1.7 Crosstalk of N, NO, and N transporters
5.1.8 Approaches for improved N fertilization
5.1.9 Sol nitrogen management through agronomic cropping practice nitrogen
5.2 Conclusion
References
6 Morphological and phytochemical changes of Cannabis sativa L. affected by light spectra
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Secondary metabolites in cannabis
6.3 Biosynthesis pathway of cannabinoids
6.4 How to analyze and measure the amount of cannabinoids in the plant
6.5 The importance of light spectra in plant cultivation
6.6 Examining the effects of light spectra on cannabis
6.6.1 Morphological characteristics
6.6.2 Phytochemical characteristics
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Application of phosphite as a biostimulant in agriculture
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Chemistry of Phi and its metabolism in plants
7.3 Phosphite as a biostimulant in agriculture
7.4 Cereal and pulse crops
7.5 Fruits
7.6 Vegetables
7.7 Other food crops
7.8 Beyond agricultural applications of Phi: biotechnological and industrial usage
7.9 Conclusion and prospects
References
8 Sustainable mainframes for control of Sugarcane early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biology of early shoot borer on sugarcane
8.2.1 Embryonic development
8.2.2 Larval development
8.2.3 The external appearance of pupa form
8.2.4 Description and morph metrics of adult
8.3 Integrated pest management for early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
8.4 Design making stage for early shoot borer
8.5 Role of soil nutrients on the incidence of Chilo infuscatellus on sugarcane varieties
8.6 Utilization of eggs parasitoid
8.7 Genotype×role of climatic factors in under irrigation condition in sugarcane at advanced screening stages
8.8 Adumbrate the molecular markers character of sugarcane forming resistance against early shoot borer
8.9 Application of Pheromone traps techniques
8.10 In vitro bioassay to determine the toxicity of cry 1f protein effective against Chilo Infuscatellus
8.11 Synthesize Bt genes effective in the management of early shoot borer
8.12 Effect of granulosis virus on early shoot borer
8.13 Conclusions
References
9 Levulinic acid: a potent green chemical in sustainable agriculture
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Levulinic acid: will it replace fossil fuels?
9.3 Chemical and physical properties
9.4 Application of levulinic acid and its derivatives
9.4.1 Fuel or fuel additives
9.4.2 Pharmaceuticals and medicines
9.4.3 Food additives and preservatives
9.4.4 Resin and adhesives
9.4.5 Solvent
9.4.6 Other uses of levulinic acid in product preparations
9.5 Industrially important derivatives of levulinic acid, applications, and synthesis
9.5.1 Diphenolic acids
9.5.2 Δ-Aminolevulinic acid
9.5.3 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
9.5.4 &e_0263;-Valerolactone
9.5.5 Succinic acid
9.5.6 Pyrrolidones
9.5.7 Levulinic ketals
9.5.8 Levulinate esters
9.6 Synthesis of levulinic acid
9.6.1 Levulinic acid production from first-generation biomass
9.6.1.1 Sugars
9.6.2 From the second generation of biomass
9.6.2.1 Lignocellulosic feedstock
9.6.3 From other renewable resources
9.6.4 The third generation of biomass
9.7 Different processes for levulinic acid synthesis
9.7.1 Biofine process
9.7.2 Homogenous catalytic system
9.7.3 Heterogeneous catalytic system
9.7.4 Biphasic system
9.7.5 Ionic liquids system
9.7.6 Supercritical fluid system
9.8 Bottlenecks of levulinic acid production
9.9 Conclusion and future remarks
References
10 Role of chitosan in eco-friendly management of plant diseases for sustainable agriculture
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of chitosan and its chemical structure
10.2.1 Chemical structure of chitosan
10.2.2 Sources of chitosan
10.3 Application of chitosan in plant growth promotion and yield improvement
10.4 Application of chitosan in plant protection
10.5 Mode of action
10.5.1 Mode of action of antimicrobial activity
10.6 Factors affecting chitosan activity
10.6.1 Microbial factors
10.6.2 Intrinsic factors of chitosan
10.6.2.1 Positive charge density
10.6.2.2 Molecular weight
10.6.2.3 Hydrophobic/hydrophilic characteristics
10.6.2.4 Chelating capacity
10.6.3 Physical state
10.6.3.1 Antimicrobial activity in a soluble state
10.6.3.2 Antimicrobial activity in solid-state
10.6.4 Environmental factors
10.6.4.1 pH is too an important factor
10.6.4.2 Ionic strength
10.6.4.3 Time and temperature
10.7 Conclusion
References
11 Role of trehalose in plant–rhizobia interaction and induced abiotic stress tolerance
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Trehalose—an abiotic stress protectant metabolite in rhizobia
11.1.2 Trehalose—an abiotic stress protectants metabolite in plants
11.2 Trehalose biosynthesis pathways in microorganisms and plants
11.2.1 Pathways of trehalose biosynthesis
11.2.2 Trehalase enzyme: trehalose catabolic enzyme
11.3 Genetic modification of plants and microorganisms for higher trehalose biosynthesis and external amendments of trehalo...
11.4 Role of trehalose in microbial protection from abiotic stress
11.5 Role of trehalose in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and abiotic stress tolerance
11.6 Use of trehalose in seed priming, improved shelf life, preservation, and maintenance of microbial strains
11.7 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
12 Combinative effect of seed priming with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and green chemicals on plant growth and str...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biopriming
12.3 Mechanism of priming
12.4 Molecular, biochemical, and physiological changes in seeds on priming
12.5 Recent strategies and operators of seed priming
12.5.1 Hydropriming
12.5.2 Halopriming
12.5.3 Osmohardening
12.5.4 Matrix priming
12.5.5 On-farm priming
12.5.6 Hormone enhancer priming
12.5.7 Micronutrient seed priming
12.5.8 Chemical priming
12.5.9 Nanoparticle priming
12.6 The potential of green chemicals seed priming synthesized with nanoparticles to promote plant growth
12.7 Components influencing the seed priming process
12.8 Essentiality of biopriming in stress forbearance
12.9 Role of biopriming against abiotic stress
12.10 Modes of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria interceded drought and salt stress resilience
12.11 Beneficial effects of seed priming
12.12 Conclusion and future prospects
References
13 Burgeoning trends using green chemicals to impede the obliterating invasive insects
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Future prospects and conclusions
References
14 Routing microbial biosurfactants to agriculture for revitalization of soil and plant growth
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mechanisms of action of surfactant molecules on surfaces and interfaces
14.3 Possible applications and environmental toxicity
14.4 The surfactants of biological origin
14.5 Microorganisms involved in the production of biosurfactants
14.6 Production and extraction of microbial biosurfactants
14.7 Biosurfactants as a possible stimulant in agriculture
14.8 Seed germination and plant growth enhancement
14.9 Biosurfactants in nutrient mobilization
14.10 Biosurfactants as biocontrol agents
14.11 Conclusion and future prospects
References
15 Nanopriming in sustainable agriculture: recent advances, emerging challenges and future prospective
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanotechnology in agricultural sustainability
15.3 Seed priming and its implications in agriculture
15.4 Nanopriming
15.5 The mechanism underlying the nanopriming of seeds
15.5.1 Mechanism of nanoparticles uptake during seed germination
15.5.2 Role of reactive oxygen species and phytohormones during germination using nanoprimed seeds
15.6 Influences of nanopriming at different plant growth stages
15.6.1 Germination stage
15.6.2 Vegetative stage
15.6.3 Reproductive stage
15.7 Nanopriming in improving various abiotic and biotic stresses
15.7.1 Drought stress
15.7.2 Salinity stress
15.7.3 Heavy metal stress
15.7.4 Nanopriming for improving biotic stress conditions
15.8 Other implications of nanopriming for improving sustainability
15.9 Summary
References
16 Toxicological assessment of biobased products: trends and challenges
16.1 Raw material for biobased products
16.1.1 Biomass
16.1.2 Enzymatic extracts
16.1.3 Microorganisms
16.1.4 Examples of biobased products
16.1.4.1 Bioherbicide
16.1.4.2 Biofertilizer
16.2 Toxicological aspects of the biobased products and its production chain
16.2.1 Upstream processes
16.2.1.1 Raw material
16.2.2 Midstream processes
16.2.2.1 Pretreatment and compound handling processes
16.2.2.2 Genetic engineering
16.2.3 Downstream processes
16.3 Bioproducts toxicity assessment: approaches and results
16.5 The trends and challenges of toxicological assessment
References
17 Advance technology for biostimulants in agriculture
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Different advanced technology for biostimulants
17.3 Nano biostimulant
17.3.1 Nanosilver
17.4 Mechanism of nanosilver particle
17.4.1 Agri-nano
17.5 Mechanism of agri-nanoproduct
17.6 Plant biostimulant
17.6.1 Amino acids
17.6.2 Sea weed
17.6.3 Chitosan
17.6.3.1 Mechanism of action
17.6.4 Protein hydrolysates
17.6.4.1 Characterization and chemical classification of protein hydrolysates
17.6.4.2 Mechanism of action
17.6.5 Microalgae
17.6.5.1 Chemical composition of microalgal biostimulants
17.6.5.2 Method of application of microalgal biostimulants
17.7 Humic substances
17.7.1 Mechanism of action of humic substances
17.7.2 Role of humic substances as biostimulant in plant
17.7.3 Method of application of humic substances
17.7.3.1 Soil application (liquid-status)
17.7.3.2 Soil application (solid-status)
17.7.3.3 Foliar application
17.7.3.4 Fertigation
17.8 Conclusion
References
18 Chitin and chitosan as elicitors in sustainable production of medicinal crops
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Immune responses of medicinal plants
18.3 Inducing resistance in medicinal plants
18.3.1 Synthetic inducers
18.3.2 Microbial elicitors
18.4 Chitin and chitosan: the fungal elicitors
18.5 Mechanism of action of chitin and chitosan in medicinal plants
18.6 Applications of chitosan in enhanced production of therapeutics
18.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
19 Deciphering the role of phytohormones in the regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis and mechanisms involved
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Phytohormones as biostimulants in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi development
19.3 Strigolactones
19.4 Gibberellins
19.5 Auxins
19.6 Abscisic acid
19.7 Ethylene
19.8 Cytokinins
19.9 Brassinosteroids
19.10 Jasmonic acid
19.11 Salicylic acid
19.12 Conclusions and future direction of research
Acknowledgments
References
20 Biopreservation: an alluring method to safeguard food from spoilage
20.1 Biopreservation
20.2 Chemical preservatives versus biopreservatives
20.3 Advantages of biopreservatives
20.4 Lactic acid bacteria and its potential use in food safety
20.5 Bacteriocin
20.6 Lab bacteriocins
20.6.1 Classification
20.6.2 Factors inhibiting bacteriocin production
20.6.3 Factors affecting bacteriocin activity in food
20.7 Bacteriocins of various Gram-positive bacteria
20.8 Bacillus as biopreservative
20.9 Applications of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria in food
20.10 Bacteriophages and their antibacterial life cycle
20.10.1 Current bacteriophage-based food applications
20.11 Endolysins: structure and mode of action
20.11.1 Endolysins in food applications
20.12 Limitations of biopreservation process
20.13 Hurdle technology
20.14 Applications of lactic acid bacteria bacteriocins in hurdle technology
20.15 Pulsed electric field
20.15.1 Limitations
20.16 Nanotechnology
20.17 Future prospects
20.18 Conclusion
References
21 Sustainable agriculture through improved on farm processing techniques and value-added organic food products
21.1 Sustainable agriculture
21.2 Drivers of sustainability
21.3 Constraints and consideration of agricultural sustainability
21.4 Traditional on-farm processing technologies and challenges
21.5 Some selected value-added organic food products and their market status, prospects, and challenges
21.5.1 Melon seed (Citrullus lanatus)
21.5.1.1 Introduction
21.5.1.2 Traditional on-farm technologies
21.5.1.3 Processing
21.5.1.4 Challenges
21.5.1.5 Prospects
21.5.1.6 Way forward and recommendations
21.5.1.7 Publicity
21.5.1.8 Rural development
21.5.1.9 Malnutrition
21.5.2 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
21.5.2.1 Introduction
21.5.2.2 Traditional on-farm technologies
21.5.2.3 Processing
21.5.2.4 Challenges
21.5.2.5 Rainfall variability and drought
21.5.2.6 Aflatoxin
21.5.2.7 Poor soil fertility
21.5.2.8 Biotic and abiotic constraints
21.5.3 Input supply
21.5.3.1 Prospects
21.5.3.1.1 Groundnut value chain
21.5.3.1.2 Technological
21.5.3.2 Way forward and recommendations
21.5.4 Maize (Zea mays L.)
21.5.4.1 Introduction
21.5.4.2 Traditional farm technology
21.5.4.2.1 Land selection
21.5.4.2.2 Soil requirements
21.5.4.2.3 Climatic requirements
21.5.4.2.4 Water
21.5.4.2.5 Planting date
21.5.4.2.6 Weed control
21.5.4.3 Land clearing and yield preparation
21.5.4.3.1 Planting time
21.5.4.3.2 Plant population
21.5.4.3.3 Plant nutrient and fertilizer applications
21.5.4.4 Disease control
21.5.4.4.1 Insect/pest control
21.5.4.4.2 Processing
21.5.4.5 Market status of maize
21.5.4.6 Challenges
21.5.4.7 Prospects
21.5.5 Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera)
21.5.5.1 Introduction
21.5.5.2 Traditional on farm technologies
21.5.5.2.1 Site selection
21.5.5.2.2 Planting
21.5.5.2.3 Fertilizer application
21.5.5.3 Manure application, time, and dosage; soil and plant-dependent
21.5.5.3.1 Harvesting
21.5.5.3.2 Pests and disease management
21.5.5.3.3 Processing
21.5.5.4 Market status
21.5.5.5 Prospects
21.5.5.6 Recommendation
21.5.6 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
21.5.6.1 Introduction
21.5.6.2 Traditional on-farm technologies
21.5.6.3 Site selection
21.5.6.4 Processing
21.5.6.5 Constraints
21.5.7 Recommendations
21.6 Benefits of organic agriculture
21.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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