Neuroscience, Fourth Edition

Contents in Brief......Page 11
Genetics, Genomics, and the Brain......Page 27
Unit I Neural Signaling......Page 49
Electrical Potentials across Nerve Cell Membranes......Page 51
Ionic Currents Across Nerve Cell Membranes......Page 67
Ion Channels Underlying Action Potentials......Page 87
Electrical Synapses......Page 111
Acetylcholine......Page 145
Strategies of Molecular Signaling......Page 179
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity......Page 203
Unit II Sensation and Sensory Processing......Page 231
Afferent Fibers Convey Somatic Sensory Information to the Central Nervous System......Page 233
Overview 231 Nociceptors......Page 257
Anatomy of the Eye......Page 279
Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells......Page 315
Sound......Page 339
The Vestibular Labyrinth......Page 369
The Organization of the Olfactory System......Page 389
Unit III Movement and Its Central Control......Page 421
Neural Centers Responsible for Movement......Page 423
Organization of Descending Motor Control......Page 449
Projections to the Basal Ganglia......Page 479
Organization of the Cerebellum......Page 501
What Eye Movements Accomplish......Page 521
Early Studies of the Visceral Motor System......Page 539
Unit IV The Changing Brain......Page 569
The Initial Formation of the Nervous System: Gastrulation and Neurulation......Page 571
The Axon Growth Cone......Page 603
Critical Periods......Page 637
The Damaged Brain......Page 661
Unit V Complex Brain Functions......Page 687
The Association Cortices......Page 689
Language Is Both Localized and Lateralized......Page 713
Why Do Humans (and Many Other Animals) Sleep?......Page 733
Physiological Changes Associated with Emotion......Page 759
Sexual Dimorphisms and Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors......Page 787
Qualitative Categories of Human Memory......Page 817
Neuroanatomical Terminology......Page 841
ATLAS The Human Central Nervous System......Page 869
Contents......Page 12
"Model" Organisms in Neuroscience......Page 28
The Cellular Components of the Nervous System......Page 29
Neurons......Page 31
Neuroglial Cells......Page 35
Cellular Diversity in the Nervous System......Page 36
Neural Circuits......Page 37
The Organization of the Human Nervous System......Page 39
Structural Analysis of Neural Systems......Page 42
Functional Analysis of Neural Systems......Page 44
BOX 1A BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 45
Analyzing Complex Behavior......Page 47
Summary......Page 48
How Ionic Movements Produce Electrical Signals......Page 54
The Forces That Create Membrane Potentials......Page 56
Electrochemical Equilibrium in an Environment with More Than One Permeant Ion......Page 58
The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential......Page 59
BOX 2A THE REMARKABLE GIANT NERVE CELLS OF SQUID......Page 61
The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials......Page 62
BOX 2B ACTION POTENTIAL FORM AND NOMENCLATURE......Page 64
Summary......Page 63
BOX 3A THE VOLTAGE CLAMP TECHNIQUE......Page 68
Two Types of Voltage-Dependent Ionic Current......Page 69
Two Voltage-Dependent Membrane Conductances......Page 72
Reconstructing the Action Potential......Page 74
Long-Distance Signaling by Action Potentials......Page 75
BOX 3B THRESHOLD......Page 76
BOX 3C PASSIVE MEMBRANE PROPERTIES......Page 78
Myelination Increases Conduction Velocity......Page 82
BOX 3D MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS......Page 85
Summary......Page 86
BOX 4A THE PATCH CLAMP METHOD......Page 89
The Diversity of Ion Channels......Page 91
BOX 4B EXPRESSION OF ION CHANNELS IN XENOPUS OOCYTES......Page 92
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels......Page 93
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels......Page 94
The Molecular Structure of Ion Channels......Page 96
BOX 4C TOXINS THAT POISON ION CHANNELS......Page 98
Active Transporters Create and Maintain Ion Gradients......Page 100
BOX 4D DISEASES CAUSED BY ALTERED ION CHANNELS......Page 102
Functional Properties of the Na+/K+ Pump......Page 104
The Molecular Structure of the ATPase Pumps 80 Summary......Page 109
Properties of Neurotransmitters......Page 114
BOX 5A CRITERIA THAT DEFINE A NEUROTRANSMITTER......Page 117
Quantal Release of Neurotransmitters......Page 120
Release of Transmitters from Synaptic Vesicles......Page 121
Local Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles......Page 123
The Role of Calcium in Transmitter Secretion......Page 124
BOX 5B DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL......Page 125
Molecular Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion......Page 128
BOX 5C TOXINS THAT AFFECT TRANSMITTER RELEASE......Page 132
Postsynaptic Membrane Permeability Changes during Synaptic Transmission......Page 133
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials......Page 138
Summation of Synaptic Potentials......Page 140
Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors......Page 141
Summary......Page 143
BOX 6A NEUROTOXINS THAT ACT ON POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTORS......Page 149
Glutamate......Page 152
BOX 6B MYASTHENIA GRAVIS......Page 153
BOX 6C EXCITOTOXICITY FOLLOWING ACUTE BRAIN INJURY......Page 155
GABA and Glycine......Page 159
BOX 6D EXCITATORY ACTIONS OF GABA IN THE DEVELOPING BRAIN......Page 161
BOX 6E BIOGENIC AMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS......Page 162
The Biogenic Amines......Page 163
BOX 6F ADDICTION......Page 165
ATP and Other Purines......Page 168
Peptide Neurotransmitters......Page 169
Unconventional Neurotransmitters......Page 172
BOX 6G MARUUANA AND THE BRAIN......Page 173
Summary......Page 176
The Activation of Signaling Pathways......Page 181
Receptor Types......Page 182
G-Proteins and Their Molecular Targets......Page 184
Second Messengers......Page 186
BOX 7A DYNAMIC IMAGING OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING......Page 189
Second Messenger Targets: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases......Page 190
Nuclear Signaling......Page 193
BOX 7B DENDRITIC SPINES......Page 194
Examples of Neuronal Signal Transduction......Page 198
Summary......Page 201
Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity Underlies Behavioral Modification in Aplysia......Page 206
BOX 8A GENETICS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE FRUIT FLY......Page 212
Long-Term Potentiation at a Hippocampal Synapse......Page 213
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying LTP......Page 217
BOX 8B SILENT SYNAPSES......Page 220
Long-Term Synaptic Depression......Page 223
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity......Page 226
BOX 8C EPILEPSY: THE EFFECT OF PATHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ON NEURAL CIRCUITRY......Page 228
Summary......Page 229
BOX 9A DERMATOMES......Page 235
Somatic Sensory Afferents Exhibit Distinct Functional Properties......Page 236
Mechanoreceptors Specialized to Receive Tactile Information......Page 239
Mechanoreceptors Specialized for Proprioception......Page 241
Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from the Face: The Trigeminothalamic System......Page 244
Central Pathways Conveying Proprioceptive Information from the Body......Page 246
Central Pathways Conveying Proprioceptive Information from the Face......Page 247
Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex......Page 248
BOX 9B PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION WITHIN THE SENSORY CORTICES: BRAIN MODULES......Page 250
Beyond SI: Corticocortical and Descending Pathways......Page 252
Plasticity in the Adult Cerebral Cortex......Page 253
Summary......Page 254
Central Pain Pathways Are Distinct from Mechanosensory Pathways......Page 259
BOX 10A CAPSAICIN......Page 260
BOX 10B REFERRED PAIN......Page 262
Parallel Pain Pathways......Page 263
BOX 10C A DORSAL COLUMN PATHWAY FOR VISCERAL PAIN......Page 265
Other Modalities Mediated by the Anterolateral System......Page 267
Sensitization......Page 269
Descending Control of Pain Perception......Page 271
BOX 10D PHANTOM LIMBS AND PHANTOM PAIN......Page 272
The Placebo Effect......Page 273
The Physiological Basis of Pain Modulation......Page 274
Summary......Page 276
The Formation of Images on the Retina......Page 280
BOX 11A MYOPIA AND OTHER REFRACTIVE ERRORS......Page 281
Retinal Circuitry......Page 284
BOX 1 IB THE BLIND SPOT......Page 285
BOX 11C MACULAR DEGENERATION......Page 286
Retinal Pigment Epithelium......Page 289
Phototransduction......Page 290
BOX 11D RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA......Page 291
Functional Specialization of the Rod and Cone Systems......Page 295
Anatomical Distribution of Rods and Cones......Page 298
Cones and Color Vision......Page 299
BOX 11E THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT IN COLOR PERCEPTION......Page 301
Retinal Circuits for Detecting Luminance Change......Page 303
BOX 11F THE PERCEPTION OF LIGHT INTENSITY......Page 304
Contribution of Retinal Circuits to Light Adaptation......Page 309
Summary......Page 312
The Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field......Page 318
Visual Field Deficits......Page 321
Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex......Page 323
Primary Visual Cortex Architecture......Page 325
Combining Inputs from Two Eyes......Page 327
Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway......Page 329
BOX 12A RANDOM DOT STEREOGRAMS AND RELATED AMUSEMENTS......Page 330
The Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas......Page 333
Summary......Page 336
A Synopsis of Auditory Function......Page 340
BOX 13A FOUR CAUSES OF ACQUIRED HEARING LOSS......Page 341
BOX 13B MUSIC......Page 342
The External Ear......Page 343
The Middle Ear......Page 344
BOX 13C SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS AND COCHLEAR IMPLANTS......Page 345
The Inner Ear......Page 347
Hair Cells and the Mechanoelectrical Transduction of Sound Waves......Page 349
BOX 13D THE SWEET SOUND OF DISTORTION......Page 351
The Ionic Basis of Mechanotransduction in Hair Cells......Page 353
Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve......Page 356
Integrating Information from the Two Ears......Page 358
Integration in the Inferior Colliculus......Page 362
The Auditory Thalamus......Page 363
The Auditory Cortex......Page 364
BOX 13E REPRESENTING COMPLEX SOUNDS IN THE BRAINS OF BATS AND HUMANS......Page 366
Summary......Page 367
BOX 14A A PRIMER ON VESTIBULAR NAVIGATION......Page 370
Vestibular Hair Cells......Page 371
BOX 14B ADAPTATION AND TUNING OF VESTIBULAR HAIR CELLS......Page 372
The Otolith Organs: The Utricle and Saccule......Page 374
How Otolith Neurons Sense Linear Accelerations of the Head......Page 375
The Semicircular Canals......Page 377
How Semicircular Canal Neurons Sense Angular Accelerations......Page 379
BOX 14C THROWING COLD WATER ON THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM......Page 380
Central Pathways for Stabilizing Gaze, Head, and Posture......Page 382
BOX 14D MAUTHNER CELLS IN FISH......Page 384
Vestibular Pathways to the Thalamus and Cortex......Page 386
Summary......Page 387
Olfactory Perception in Humans......Page 391
Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Odorants......Page 394
Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons......Page 395
BOX 15A PHEROMONES, REPRODUCTION, AND THE VOMERONASAL SYSTEM......Page 396
Odorant Receptor Proteins......Page 398
BOX 15B THE "DOGTOR" IS IN......Page 400
The Transduction of Olfactory Signals......Page 401
The Olfactory Bulb......Page 404
The Organization of the Taste System......Page 407
Taste Perception in Humans......Page 410
Taste Buds Taste Cells, Receptor Proteins, and Transduction......Page 413
Neural Coding in the Taste System......Page 415
Trigeminal Chemoreception......Page 417
Summary......Page 418
Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships......Page 425
The Motor Unit......Page 427
The Regulation of Muscle Force......Page 429
BOX 16A MOTOR UNIT PLASTICITY......Page 430
The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch Reflexes......Page 434
The Influence of Sensory Activity on Motor Behavior......Page 436
Flexion Reflex Pathways......Page 439
Spinal Cord Circuitry and Locomotion......Page 440
BOX 16B LOCOMOTION IN THE LEECH AND THE LAMPREY......Page 442
BOX 16C THE AUTONOMY OF CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS......Page 444
Summary......Page 446
BOX16D AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS......Page 447
Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Neurons That Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, and Orient Gaze......Page 451
BOX 17A THE RETICULAR FORMATION......Page 454
The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways: Projections from Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Voluntary Movements......Page 458
BOX 17B PATTERNS OF FACIAL WEAKNESS AND LOCALIZING NEUROLOGICAL INJURY......Page 459
Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex......Page 462
BOX 17C WHAT DO MOTOR MAPS REPRESENT?......Page 464
BOX 17D SENSORY MOTOR TALENTS AND CORTICAL SPACE......Page 466
The Premotor Cortex......Page 470
Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome......Page 473
BOX 17E MUSCLE TONE......Page 475
Summary......Page 476
Projections from the Basal Ganglia to Other Brain Regions......Page 484
Evidence from Studies of Eye Movements......Page 486
Circuits within the Basal Ganglia System......Page 488
Dopamine Modulates Basal Ganglia Circuits......Page 490
Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders......Page 491
BOX 18A PARKINSON'S DISEASE: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES......Page 492
BOX 18B HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE......Page 494
BOX 18C DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION......Page 496
BOX I8D BASAL GANGLIA LOOPS AND NON-MOTOR BRAIN FUNCTIONS......Page 498
Summary......Page 500
Projections to the Cerebellum......Page 504
Projections from the Cerebellum......Page 506
Circuits within the Cerebellum......Page 508
Cerebellar Circuitry and the Coordination of Ongoing Movement......Page 512
BOX 19A PRION DISEASES......Page 514
Further Consequences of Cerebellar Lesions......Page 516
Summary......Page 517
BOX 19B GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CEREBELLAR FUNCTION......Page 518
The Actions and Innervation of Extraocular Muscles......Page 522
BOX 20A THE PERCEPTION OF STABILIZED RETINAL IMAGES......Page 523
Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions......Page 525
Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements......Page 527
BOX 20B SENSORY MOTOR INTEGRATION IN THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS......Page 532
BOX 20C FROM PLACE CODES TO RATE CODES......Page 534
Neural Control of Vergence Movements......Page 537
Summary......Page 538
Distinctive Features of the Visceral Motor System......Page 542
The Sympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor System......Page 544
The Parasympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor System......Page 546
The Enteric Nervous System......Page 548
Sensory Components of the Visceral Motor System......Page 550
Central Control of Visceral Motor Functions......Page 552
BOX 21A THE HYPOTHALAMUS......Page 554
Neurotransmission in the Visceral Motor System......Page 556
BOX 21B HORNER'S SYNDROME......Page 557
BOX 21C OBESITY AND THE BRAIN......Page 558
Autonomic Regulation of Cardiovascular Function......Page 560
Autonomic Regulation of the Bladder......Page 563
Autonomic Regulation of Sexual Function......Page 565
Summary......Page 566
The Molecular Basis of Neural Induction......Page 573
BOX 22A STEM CELLS: PROMISE AND PERIL......Page 574
BOX 22B RETINOIC ACID: TERATOGEN AND INDUCTIVE SIGNAL......Page 578
Formation of the Major Brain Subdivisions......Page 580
BOX 22C TRIPLE JEOPARDY: MULTIPLE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH SONIC HEDGEHOG......Page 582
BOX 22D HOMEOTIC GENES AND HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT......Page 584
Genetic Abnormalities and Altered Development of Brain Regions......Page 585
BOX 22E RHOMBOMERES......Page 587
The Initial Differentiation of Neurons and Glia......Page 588
BOX 22F NEUROGENESIS AND NEURONAL BIRTHDATING......Page 591
The Generation of Neuronal Diversity......Page 592
Neuronal Migration in the Peripheral Nervous System......Page 594
BOX 22G MIXING IT UP: LONG-DISTANCE NEURONAL MIGRATION......Page 595
Neuronal Migration in the Central Nervous System......Page 597
Summary......Page 600
The Molecular Basis of Growth Cone Motility......Page 605
BOX 23A CHOOSING SIDES: AXON GUIDANCE AT THE OPTIC CHIASM......Page 607
Non-Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance......Page 609
Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance: Chemoattraction and Repulsion......Page 611
The Formation of Topographic Maps......Page 614
Selective Synapse Formation......Page 616
BOX 23B MOLECULAR SIGNALS THAT PROMOTE SYNAPSE FORMATION......Page 617
Trophic Interactions and the Ultimate Size of Neuronal Populations......Page 622
Further Competitive Interactions in the Formation of Neuronal Connections......Page 623
BOX 23C WHY DO NEURONS HAVE DENDRITES?......Page 626
Neurotrophin Signaling......Page 629
BOX 23D THE DISCOVERY OF BDNF AND THE NEUROTROPHIN FAMILY......Page 630
Summary......Page 634
BOX 24A BUILT-IN BEHAVIORS......Page 638
The Development of Language: A Critical Period for Human Behavior......Page 640
BOX 24B BIRDSONG......Page 642
BOX 24C TRANSNEURONAL LABELING WITH RADIOACTIVE AMINO ACIDS......Page 645
Effects of Visual Deprivation on Ocular Dominance......Page 646
Visual Deprivation and Amblyopia in Humans......Page 650
Mechanisms by which Neuronal Activity Affects the Development of Neural Circuits......Page 651
BOX 24D CORRELATION AS CAUSATION: LESSONS FROM A THREE-EYED FROG......Page 653
Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Activity-Dependent Plasticity during Critical Periods......Page 655
Summary......Page 658
Three Types of Brain Repair......Page 662
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration......Page 664
The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Peripheral Nerve Repair......Page 665
Regeneration of Peripheral Synapses......Page 668
BOX 25A SPECIFIC REGENERATION OF SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS IN AUTONOMIC GANGLIA......Page 670
Cellular and Molecular Responses to Brain Injury......Page 672
Axon Growth after Brain Injury......Page 674
Generation and Replacement of Neurons in the Adult Brain......Page 675
Adult Neurogenesis in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates......Page 676
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Adult Neurogenesis......Page 678
BOX 25B NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND NEUROGENESIS......Page 682
Summary......Page 684
An Overview of Cortical Structure......Page 690
BOX 26A CORTICAL LAMINATION......Page 692
Specific Features of the Association Cortices......Page 693
Lesions of the Parietal Association Cortex: Deficits of Attention......Page 694
Lesions of the Temporal Association Cortex: Deficits of Recognition......Page 697
Lesions of the Frontal Association Cortex: Deficits of Planning......Page 699
"Attention Neurons" in the Monkey Parietal Cortex......Page 700
BOX 26B PSYCHOSURGERY......Page 701
"Recognition Neurons" in the Monkey Temporal Cortex......Page 704
"Planning Neurons" in the Monkey Frontal Cortex......Page 706
BOX 26C NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING......Page 708
Summary......Page 709
BOX 26D BRAIN SIZE AND INTELLIGENCE......Page 710
BOX 27A SPEECH......Page 714
Aphasias......Page 716
BOX 27B DO OTHER ANIMALS HAVE LANGUAGE?......Page 717
BOX 27C WORDS AND MEANING......Page 719
Confirmation of Language Lateralization and Other Insights......Page 722
BOX 27D LANGUAGE AND HANDEDNESS......Page 724
Anatomical Differences between the Right and Left Hemispheres......Page 726
Mapping Language Functions......Page 727
Sign Language......Page 730
Summary......Page 732
BOX 28A SLEEP STYLES IN DIFFERENT SPECIES......Page 735
The Circadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness......Page 736
BOX 28B MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS......Page 739
Stages of Sleep......Page 740
BOX 28C ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY......Page 741
The Possible Functions of REM Sleep and Dreaming......Page 745
Neural Circuits Governing Sleep......Page 747
BOX 28D CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 748
BOX 28E DRUGS AND SLEEP......Page 752
Sleep Disorders......Page 754
Summary......Page 756
The Integration of Emotional Behavior......Page 760
BOX 29A FACIAL EXPRESSIONS: PYRAMIDAL AND EXTRAPYRAMIDAL CONTRIBUTIONS......Page 761
The Limbic System......Page 765
BOX 29B THE ANATOMY OF THE AMYGDALA......Page 768
The Importance of the Amygdala......Page 769
BOX 29C THE REASONING BEHIND AN IMPORTANT DISCOVERY......Page 770
The Relationship between Neocortex and Amygdala......Page 772
BOX 29D FEAR AND THE HUMAN AMYGDALA: A CASE STUDY......Page 773
Cortical Lateralization of Emotional Functions......Page 775
BOX 29E AFFECTIVE DISORDERS......Page 776
Emotion, Reason, and Social Behavior......Page 778
Emotional Reinforcement and Addiction......Page 779
Summary......Page 784
Sex, Gonads, Bodies, and Brains......Page 789
Hormonal Influences on Sexual Dimorphism......Page 791
Representation of Primary Sexual Dimorphisms in the Brain......Page 793
Brain Dimorphisms and the Control of Reproductive Behaviors......Page 795
Structural and Functional Dimorphisms for Parenting Behaviors......Page 797
BOX 30A THE GOOD MOTHER......Page 800
Steroid Receptors and Responses in the Adult Brain......Page 803
Human Genetic Disorders of Genotypic and Phenotypic Sex......Page 804
Sexual Orientation and the Brain: Molecular and Genetic Analysis......Page 807
BOX 30B THE CASE OF BRUCE/BRENDA......Page 808
Sexual Orientation and Human Brain Structure......Page 810
Sex-Based Differences in Cognitive Functions......Page 811
Summary......Page 814
Temporal Categories of Memory......Page 818
BOX 31A PHYLOGENETIC MEMORY......Page 819
The Importance of Association in Information Storage......Page 820
BOX 31B SAVANT SYNDROME......Page 822
Forgetting......Page 823
Brain Systems Underlying Declarative Memory Formation......Page 825
BOX 31C CLINICAL CASES REVEAL THE ANATOMICAL SUBSTRATE FOR DECLARATIVE MEMORIES......Page 827
Brain Systems Underlying Long-Term Storage of Declarative Memory......Page 831
Brain Systems Underlying Nondeclarative Learning and Memory......Page 833
Memory and Aging......Page 835
Summary......Page 836
BOX 31D ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE......Page 837
Basic Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System......Page 842
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord......Page 845
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves......Page 848
Lateral Surface of the Brain......Page 853
Dorsal and Ventral Surfaces of the Brain......Page 854
Midsagittal Surface of the Brain......Page 855
Internal Anatomy of the Forebrain......Page 857
Blood Supply of the Brain and Spinal Cord......Page 859
BOX A STROKE......Page 863
The Meninges......Page 865
The Ventricular System......Page 866
Plate 1: Brain Surface......Page 870
Plate 2: Coronal MR......Page 872
Plate 3: Axial MR......Page 874
Plate 4: Sagittal MR......Page 878
Plate 5: Brainstem......Page 880
Plate 6: Spinal Cord......Page 882
Glossary G-1......Page 885
Illustration Credits IC-1......Page 901
Index I-1......Page 909