Neurology: A Clinical Handbook

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Chapter 1 Neurology Worldwide: Public Health and Essential Neuro-epidemiology
Basic Data
Practical Neurology
Causation
Mortality, Life Expectancy and Quality of Life
Burden of Illness
Cost of Illness Studies
Improvements
Acknowledgements
References
Further Reading and Information
Chapter 2 Movement, Sensation and The Silent Brain
ABC of Movement: Cortical, Extrapyramidal and Cerebellar Function
Cortex: Movement Force, Direction and Synergy
Pyramidal System Anatomy
Extrapyramidal System and Basal Ganglia Region
Cerebellar System
Sensory Pathways
Sensory Pathways in the Cord and Brain
The Silent Brain
Brainstem
Reticular Formation
Limbic System and Hippocampus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Acknowledgements
Further Reading and Information
Chapter 3 Aetiologies and Mechanisms: Genetics, Immunology and Ion Channels
Genetics
Essential Embryology of the Spine
Chromosomal Abnormalities, Repeat Expansions and Mutations
Immune Mechanisms: Concepts and Components
Blood–Brain and Blood–Nerve Barriers
Immune Nervous System Diseases
T-Cell-Mediated Neurological Disease
Immunomodulation, Immunosuppression and Replacement Therapy
Targeted Ablative Therapies
Ion Channels and Inherited Mutations
Migraine, Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Ataxias
Disease Causation
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
Chapter 4 Examination, Diagnosis and the Language of Neurology
Elements of Diagnosis
History
Nature of Symptoms
Neurological Examination: Preliminary Assessment
Brief Neurological Examination
Detailed Examination
Sensory System
Formulation
Diagnostic Tests
Imaging
Clinical Neurophysiology
Specialised Investigations
Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination
Biopsy: Brain, Nerve and Muscle
Neuropsychological Testing
The Vocabulary of Neurology
Focal Cortical Disorders
Motor Abnormalities: Brain and Spinal Cord
Hemiparesis
Cerebellar Syndromes
Movement Disorders
Paraparesis
Brainstem Syndromes
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
Sensory Abnormalities: Patterns at Different Levels
Peripheral Nerve Lesions
Polyneuropathy
Sensory Root and Root Entry Zone
Cord Lesions: Sensory Changes
Brainstem Lesions and Sensation
Thalamic Lesions
Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy
Neurogenic Muscle Wasting
Root Lesions
Myopathy
Abnormal Illness Behaviour and Somatic Symptom Disorder
Acknowledgements
References
Further Reading
Chapter 5 Cognition, Cortical Function and Dementias
Cognitive Functions and Clinical Practice
Attention and Neglect
Memory – Its Subdivisions
Anatomy
Amnesias
Paramnesias
Perception and Its Disorders
Hallucinations – False Perceptions
Voluntary Action Failure: Apraxias
Speech and Language
Reading, Writing and Numeracy
Reading
Writing
Numeracy
Knowledge and the Cognitive Executive
Emotion
Dementias
Investigation of dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Clinical Features
Frontotemporal Dementia
Prion Diseases
Dementia in Young Adults
Controversial Entities
Management of Dementia
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
Websites
Broca’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
Chapter 6 Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease
Pathophysiology: Ischaemic Stroke
Thrombosis, Embolism, Collaterals and the Ischaemic penumbra
Metabolic Changes and Raised Intracranial Pressure
Risk factors: Age, Hypertension, Tobacco, Lipids, Alcohol
Cardiac Disease
Ischaemic Stroke and the Blood
Stroke and TIA
Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)
Typical Stroke Patterns
Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Disease
Total and Branch Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Occlusion
Anterior Cerebral (ACA) and Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Occlusion
Vertebral Artery
Basilar Artery
Border Zone Ischaemia
Vascular Dementia
Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH)
Deep Haemorrhage
Stroke & TIA management
NICE Guidance: Stroke & TIA – Diagnosis and Initial Management
Stroke and TIA Investigations
Progressive Stroke
Clinical Features: Thunderclap Headache
Investigation and Management
SAH Complications, Treatment & Outcome
Cerebral Venous and Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Imaging, Treatment and Outcome
Arteriovenous Malformations
Cavernous Malformations
Non-atherosclerotic Vascular Disease and Other Causes of Stroke
Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection
Vasculitis and Other Rarities
Infective Vasculitis
Hypertensive Encephalopathy and Eclampsia
Migraine and Stroke
Moyamoya Angiopathy
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndromes (RCVS & PRES)
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
Personal References
Websites
Chapter 7 Movement Disorders
Parkinsonian Syndromes and Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism: Motor Features
Parkinson’s Disease
PD: Premotor Features
PD: Typical Motor Presentation
PD: Non-motor Features
Investigations
PD Treatment: Levodopa + DDIs: Madopar and Sinemet
Parkinson’s, Dementia and Lewy Body Pathology
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
Corticobasal Degeneration
Investigations: MSA, PSP, CBD
Tremor
Benign Essential Tremor (ET)
Dystonic Tremor and Tremor Associated with Dystonia
Neuropathic Tremor and Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)
Cerebellar (Pathway) Tremor and Holmes Tremor
Palatal Tremor
Orthostatic Tremor
Drug, Metabolic, Toxin-Induced Tremors and Functional Tremor
Dystonia
Primary Generalised Dystonia
Chorea
Huntington’s Disease
Neuro-Acanthocytoses
Post-Streptococcal Autoimmune Disorders
Benign Hereditary Chorea
Drug-Induced Chorea
Chorea: Drug Management
Tics
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Other Tic Disorders
Management of Tics
Myoclonus and Startle Syndromes
Functional Movement Disorders
Movement Disorders and Dopamine Receptor Blockade
Restless Legs Syndrome and Painful Legs and Moving Toes
Stiff Person and Stiff Limb Syndromes Fatal Encephalomyelitis with Rigidity
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
Websites
Chapter 8 Epilepsy and Related Disorders
International League Against Epilepsy Classification
Simple and Complex Partial Seizures
Generalised Seizures
Classification and Causes of Epilepsy
Single-Gene and Other Disorders
Hippocampal Sclerosis and Perinatal Disorders
Trauma
Tumours and Neurosurgery
Infection
Cerebrovascular
Degenerative
Immune-Mediated
Provoked and Reflex Epilepsies
Differential Diagnosis
Loss of Awareness
Generalised Movements - Epilepsy and Non-Epileptic Attack Disorder (NEAD)
Focal Seizures, Tics, TIAs, MS, Movement Disorders
Drop Attacks
Focal Sensory, Visual and Vestibular Symptoms
Transient Psychological Experiences
Aggressive Outbursts and Criminal Activity
Sleep Phenomena
Prolonged Confusional and Fugue States
Intermittent Psychosis and Fugues
Investigation
EEG in Epilepsy Diagnosis – Epileptiform and Normal Phenomena
Imaging
Management: Newly Diagnosed Cases
Management: Established Epilepsy
Antiepileptic Drugs
Emergencies: Prolonged Convulsions, Serial Seizures, Status Epilepticus
Treatment
Epilepsy Surgery
Driving Regulations: UK
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
Websites
Chapter 9 Infections
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
The Meningitic Syndrome
Management
Neisseria Meningitidis
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Brain Abscess
Subdural Empyema
Intracranial Epidural Abscess
Spinal Epidural, Subdural and Intramedullary Abscess
Infective Endocarditis: Neurology
Tuberculosis
Tuberculoma, TB Brain Abscess and Spinal TB
Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)
Syphilis and Neurosyphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum)
Lyme Disease and Neuroborreliosis
Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease)
Brucellosis (Malta Fever, Undulant Fever)
Psitticosis and Cat Scratch Disease
Anthrax
Diphtheria
Botulism
Tetanus
Whipple’s Disease
Tick-Borne Diseases
Other Infections
Viral Infections
Varicella Zoster Virus: Chickenpox and Shingles
Viral Meningitis
Viral Encephalitis
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Japanese Encephalitis and Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers
Poliomyelitis
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
Rabies
HTLV-1
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)
COVID-19
Fungal Infections
Parasitic Worms
Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) and Other Parasitic Worms
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
HIV
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
Chapter 10 Nerve, Anterior Horn Cell and Muscle Disease
Peripheral Nerve Anatomy
Inherited Neuropathies
Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease(s) and Related Disorders
Inflammatory and Acquired Neuropathies
Guillain–Barré Syndrome and GBS Variants
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy and CIPD Variants
Focal and Compressive Neuropathies
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Chronic Neuropathies with Paraproteinaemias
Vasculitic Neuropathies
Small Fibre Neuropathies (SFNs)
Plexopathies
Acute Brachial Neuritis a.k.a. Neuralgic Amyotrophy
Anterior Horn Cell Diseases
Motor Neurone Disease
Spinal Muscular Atrophies (SMAs)
Kennedy’s Disease (X-Linked Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy)
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Myasthenia Gravis
Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)
Muscle Diseases
Assessment and Investigation
Genetic Muscle Diseases
Muscular Dystrophies
Dystrophinopathies: Xp21 Dystrophies – Duchenne and Becker
Myotonic Dystrophies (Dystrophia myotonica, DM1 and DM2)
Skeletal Muscle Channelopathies: Periodic Paralyses and Myotonias
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Diseases
Glycogen and Lipid Storage Myopathies
Inflammatory Myopathies, Rarities, Drugs and Rhabdomyolysis
Dermatomyositis
Polymyositis
Inclusion Body Myositis
Rarities
Drugs and Myopathies
Rhabdomyolysis
Acknowledgements
Further Reading and Websites
Chapter 11 Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s) and Other Demyelinating Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
Aetiology, Migration, Genetics and Environment
Pathology
Types of MS: Clinical Course
MS Classifications and Criteria
Natural History, Prognosis and Mortality
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Investigations
Management
Relapse Management
Neuromyelitis Optica, Devic’s Disease
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Features and Investigations
Course, Natural History and Management
Acute Parainfectious Inflammatory Encephalopathies
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Acute Haemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis
Acknowledgements
Further Reading, References and Websites
Chapter 12 Headache
Classification and Anatomical Concepts
Primary Headaches
Migraine
Management
Tension-type Headache
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACS)
Other Primary Headaches with Secondary Variants
Secondary Headaches
Medication Overuse Headache (MOH) and Withdrawal Headache
Headache and Vascular Disorders
Intracranial Mass Lesion
Headache with High or Low Intracranial Pressure
Headaches and Head Trauma
Infection and Other Disorders
Acknowledgements
Further Reading, References and Websites
Chapter 13 Cranial Nerve Disorders
I. Olfactory Nerve
Functional Anatomy
Examination
Olfactory Disorders
V. Trigeminal Nerve
Peripheral V Nerve Lesions
Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome
Cavernous Sinus Syndrome
Nuclear V lesions
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Aetiology, Pathogenesis and Management
Trigeminal Idiopathic Sensory Neuropathy and Somatisation
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)
Atypical Facial Pain
VII. Facial Nerve
Examination
Cerebellopontine Angle (CPA) Syndrome
A Canal Lesion or Distal to Stylomastoid Foramen
Bell’s Palsy
Melkersson–Rosenthal Syndrome
Bilateral Facial Weakness
Hemifacial Spasm
Other Involuntary Facial Movements
Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy
Lower Four Cranial Nerves: IX, X, XI and XII
IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
X. Vagus Nerve
XI. Accessory Nerve
XI Nerve Damage
XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
Bulbar and Pseudobulbar Palsy
Multiple Cranial Neuropathies
Cranial Epidural Abscess
Acknowledgements
Further Reading and Information
Chapter 14 Neuro-Ophthalmology
Visual Pathways
Retina and Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasm, Optic Tract and Radiation
Occipital Cortex
Cortical Eye Fields
Gaze Centres in the Brainstem
The Light Reflex: Pupil Constriction
III, IV and VI Nerves and Nuclei
Examination
Visual Loss: Uni- and Bilateral Visual Failure
Optic Nerve Disease
Optic Neuropathy – the Wider Classification
Retina and Optic Nerve Vascular Anatomy
Central and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
Central and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy: Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA)
Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Chronic Ischaemia and Slow Flow Retinopathy
Tumours, Compressive and Infiltrative Optic Neuropathy
Hereditary – AD Optic Atrophy and Leber’s
Toxic, Nutritional, Radiation-Induced Optic Neuropathies and Trauma
Swollen Disc(s) – Papilloedema
Uveo-Meningitic Syndromes
Phakomatoses
Diplopia and Eye Movement Abnormalities
Orbital Conditions and Ophthalmoplegia
Orbital Inflammatory Syndromes
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Caroticocavernous Fistulae
Ocular Myopathies
Palsies of III, IV and VI Nerves
Oculomotor Nerve (III Nerve Palsy)
Abducens (VI) and Trochlear (IV) Nerve Palsies
Gaze and Central Eye Movements
Saccades, Gaze Palsies and Oculogyric Crises
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)
Skew Deviation, Ocular Tilt Reaction and Nystagmus
Chiasmal and Retrochiasmal Visual Pathways
Homonymous Hemianopia
Visual Cortex and Visual Association Areas
Pupil Abnormalities
Complete and Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect
Efferent Light Reflex Defects
Acknowledgements
Further Reading and Information
Chapter 15 Neuro-Otology: Disorders of Balance and Hearing
Essential Anatomy
Afferents and Efferents
Dizziness and Vertigo Assessment
Nystagmus Varieties
Jerk, Normal, Deliberate and Pendular Nystagmus
Nystagmus with Central Lesions
Vestibular Investigations
Caloric Testing
Vestibular Disorders
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Vestibular Neuritis
Vestibular Migraine
Management: Drugs and Physical Manoeuvres
Particle Repositioning Procedures and CBT
Ménière’s, Central Vestibular Dysfunction and Migraine
Hearing Disorders
Auditory Anatomy and Investigation
Conductive Loss: Middle Ear and Tympanic Membrane
Age Related and Genetic Hearing Loss
Environmental, Trauma, Drug Related and Syndromic Hearing Loss
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
Hearing Loss: Management
Acknowledgements
Further Reading and Information
Chapter 16 Spinal Cord and Spinal Column Disorders
Emergencies
Cervical Spine Degeneration and Pathology
Lateral and Central Cervical Disc Protrusion
Management of a Painful Cervical Root Lesion
Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Surgery
Lumbar and Sacrococcygeal Spine
Lumbar Canal Stenosis
Low Back Pain: Management
Lumbar Disc Surgery and Fusion
Paraparesis/Paraplegia, Myelitis, Transverse Myelitis and Myelopathy
Metabolic Conditions
Cord Vascular Disease
Cord Infarction and Spinal Haemorrhage
Cord Arteriovenous Malformations
Cord Vascular Neoplasms
Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
Spinal Infection
Spine and Spinal Cord Major Trauma
Acute Spinal Injury Management and Rehabilitation
Whiplash
Craniocervical Junction – Basilar Invagination and Atlantoaxial Disease
Chiari Malformations and Os Odontoideum
Craniocervical Junction Disorders
Syringomyelia and Syringobulbia
Rheumatological and Bone Disorders
Rheumatoid Disease
Spondyloarthropathies
Paget’s Disease of Bone
Spinal Dysraphism, Scoliosis and Kyphosis
Other Rare Causes of Spinal Deformity
Acknowledgements
Further Reading and Information
Chapter 17 Ataxias, Cerebellar Disorders and Related Conditions
Acquired Ataxia Syndromes
The Posterior Fossa Mass Lesion
Acute Cerebellar Ataxia
Progressive Ataxia with a Chronic or Subacute Course
MS, Vascular and Inflammatory Disease
Alcohol, Solvent Abuse and Acquired Metabolic Disorders
Drugs, Heavy Metals and Physical Agents
Others
Late-Onset Cerebellar Degenerations
Inherited Ataxia Syndromes
Autosomal Recessive Ataxias
Ataxia: Metabolic Causes
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxias
Episodic Ataxia: Genetic Forms
X-Linked Ataxias and Mitochondrial Ataxia Syndromes
Congenital Ataxias
Acknowledgement
Further Reading and Information
Chapter 18 Restorative Neurology, Rehabilitation and Brain Injury
Key Aspects
Restorative and Compensatory Approaches, Skill Learning and Task-Related Training
Motor Disorders: Therapeutic Interventions
Specific Problems
Spasticity and Ataxia
Pain
Single Incident Brain Injury
Stroke
Traumatic Brain Injury
Service Delivery
Goal Setting
Outcome Measurement
Vocational Rehabilitation
Acknowledgements
Further Reading, References and Websites
Chapter 19 Toxins, Physical Insults, Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders, Unregulated Drugs
Heavy Metals, Chemicals and Natural Toxins
Heavy Metals
Solvents and Chemicals
Natural Toxins
Radiation
Lightning and Electrical Shocks
Lightning
High-Voltage (>1000 V) and Low-Voltage Injuries
Injury from Lightning and Electric Shock
Heat Stroke
Hypothermia, Frostbite and Non-Freezing Cold Injury
Diving and Decompression Sickness (DCS)
High Altitude: Acute Mountain Sickness, Cerebral and Pulmonary Oedema
Space Travel
Neurobiological Weapons
Vitamin Deficiencies and Copper Deficiency
Ethyl Alcohol
Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)
Serotonin Syndrome and Tyramine Cheese Reaction
Porphyrias
Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Unregulated/Illegal Drugs and Drug Abuse
Stimulants
Sedatives, Analgaesics and Tranquillisers
MPPP, MPTP and Parkinsonism
Hallucinogens
Solvents, Fuels and Gases
Acknowledgements, Further Reading and Personal References
Chapter 20 Consciousness, Coma, Intensive Care and Sleep
Definitions of Consciousness and Coma
States of Impaired Consciousness
Stupor and Coma: A Practical Approach
Detailed Assessment
Level of Consciousness: Glasgow Coma Scale
Neurology
Other Coma-Like States
Neurological Intensive Care
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): General Principles
Neurosurgical Aspects of Severe TBI
Sleep and Its Disorders
Sequence of Normal Sleep
The Autonomic Nervous System and Sleep
Regulation of Wakefulness and Sleep
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea/Hypopnoea
Hypersomnias of Central Origin
Parasomnias
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Other Sleep-Related Disorders
Acknowledgements, Further Reading and Personal References
Chapter 21 Neuro-Oncology
Clinical Features
Headache
Seizures and Focal Deficits
Brainstem/Cerebellar, Cognitive and Behavioural Symptoms
Endocrine, Visual and Olfactory Symptoms
Imaging
Tumours: The Multidisciplinary Approach
Neurosurgery
Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
Classification and Grades
Diffuse Astrocytomas and Oligodendroglial Tumours
Surgery, Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
Other Astrocytic Tumours
Meningiomas
Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Tumours
Lymphomas
Germ Cell Tumours
Tumours of the Sellar Region
Pituitary Apoplexy
Pituitary Tumour Management
Craniopharyngioma
Metastatic Brain and Spinal Tumours
Primary Spinal Cord Tumours and Spinal Metastases
Neurological Complications of Cancer (NCCs)
Indirect and Secondary NCCs
Acknowledgements, Further Reading and Websites
Chapter 22 Neuropsychiatry
Mental State
Appearance and Behaviour
Speech
Mood and Affect
Thought
Thought Content
Perceptions
Cognition and Insight
Formulation
Mental Health and Capacity Acts
Definitions and Diagnoses in Psychiatry
Personality Disorders
Obsessions and Compulsions
Anxiety
Mood
Functional Neurological Disorders
Functional: Terminology and Background
Diagnosis of FNDs
Dissociative Disorders
Neurology and Psychiatry
Epilepsy and Psychiatry
Movement Disorders and Psychiatry
Neuropsychiatry and Other Conditions
Psychiatry and MS
Acknowledgement and Further Reading
Chapter 23 Pain
Definitions
Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms – Sodium and Calcium Channel Expression
Pain in CNS Diseases
MS, Non-paroxysmal, Paroxysmal and Nociceptive Pain
Parkinson’s Disease, Dystonia/Dyskinesia Pain, PAF and MSA
Central Post-Stroke Pain
Spinal Cord Injury, Syringomyelia and MND
Phantom Pain
Painful Legs and Moving Toes
Epilepsy
Peripheral Pain
Painful Peripheral Neuropathies
Other Painful Conditions
Pain Management
Drug Treatments
Psychological Approaches
The Placebo Phenomenon
Diminished Sensitivity to Pain
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain
Transient Indifference to Pain
Acknowledgement and Further Reading
Chapter 24 Autonomic Aspects of Neurology
Anatomy and Neurotransmission
Localised Autonomic Disorders
Primary and Secondary Autonomic Disorders
Syncope
Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension
Orthostatic Intolerance with Posturally Induced Tachycardia (PoTS)
Examination and Investigation
Regional Autonomic Dysfunction
Sudomotor: Anhidrosis and Hyperhidrosis
Gut
Kidneys and Urinary Tract
Sexual Dysfunction
Respiratory
Hypertension and Cardiac Changes
Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF)
Rare Autonomic Disorders
Acknowledgements and Further Reading
Chapter 25 Uro-Neurology and Sexual Dysfunction
Lower Urinary Tract: Neurological Control
Bladder Dysfunction and Neurological Disease
Frontal Disease and Stroke
Parkinson’s Disease
Multiple System Atrophy
Spinal Cord Disease
MS and Peripheral Lesions
Urinary Retention
Urinary Retention in Women: Fowler’s Syndrome
Management
Storage Dysfunction: Simple Measures
Investigations
Other Measures and Drugs
Sexual Function
Sexual Dysfunction and Neurological Disease
Spinal Cord Injury, MS and other Spinal Lesions
Acknowledgememts, References and Further Reading
Chapter 26 Systemic Conditions and Neurology
Cardiac and Aortic Disease
Cerebral Ischaemia and Aortic Disease
Spinal Cord Ischaemia and Aortic Disease
Cardiac Surgery: Neurological Complications
Endocrine Disease
Diabetes Mellitus
Other Endocrine Disorders
Electrolyte Disturbances
Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium
Blood Disorders
Anaemias
Leukaemias
Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Lymphomas
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Polycythaemia and Thrombocythaemia
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Bleeding Disorders
Renal Disease
Uraemic Encephalopathy
Dialysis Encephalopathy
Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome
Neuropathy Associated with Renal Disease
Malabsorption
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Neurology and Transplantation
Some Specific Complications
Systemic Vasculitides and Related Disorders
Pathological Mechanisms
Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS)
Other Cerebral Arteriopathies
CADASIL
CARASIL
Fabry’s Disease
Susac’s Syndrome
Sneddon’s Syndrome
Degos’ Disease
Hereditary Angiopathy with Neuropathy, Aneurysms and Cramps (HANAC)
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
Sarcoidosis
Clinical Features
Cranial Neuropathy
Peripheral Neuromuscular Sarcoid
Meningeal and Parenchymatous NS
Diagnosis and Prognosis
Behçet’s Syndrome
Pathergy Test
Treatment
IgG4-Related Disease and CLIPPERS
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurofibromatosis Types 1 and 2
Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP)
Tuberous Sclerosis (TS)
Von Hippel–Lindau Disease (VHL)
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Sturge–Weber Syndrome
Neurological Aspects of Pregnancy
Epilepsy and Pregnancy
Other Abnormalities and Neurodevelopmental Delay
Pregnancy and Other Neurological Conditions
Acknowledgements, References and Further Reading
Index
EULA