Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease where the body's immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord, causing debilitating side effects that last a lifetime for those affected. There is currently no cure.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an established tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of MS because of its ability to depict the pathological features of the disease in high detail. Over the past few decades, MRI-based visualization of demyelinated CNS lesions has become pivotal to the diagnosis and monitoring of MS. In recent years, newer MR imaging technologies, including higher-field-strength MR units, have been developed to analyse the overall MS damage and highlight potential mechanisms of recovery in patients at different stages of the disease.
Written by experts in the field, this first volume covers all imaging techniques applied to the analysis of MS, including the physics of CT/MR neurological imaging, MR MS, and miscellaneous MR neurological applications.
Author(s): Luca Saba, Jasjit S. Suri, Ayman El-Baz, Andrea Leonardi, Fabrizio Andrani
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 350
City: Bristol
PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Luca Saba
Jasjit S Suri
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Magnetic resonance imaging
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
1.2.1 General physical principles
1.2.2 Conventional MR sequences
1.2.3 Contrast-enhanced MRI
1.2.4 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
1.2.5 Diffusion-weight imaging (DWI)
1.2.6 Diffusion tensor imaging
1.2.7 Spectroscopy
1.2.8 Susceptibility-weighted imaging
1.2.9 BOLD functional MRI
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Computed tomography principles
2.1 Basic physics of x-rays
2.2 Introduction to CT
2.3 CT scanner components
2.4 Image acquisition
2.5 Image elaboration
2.6 CT generations
2.6.1 First-generation CT
2.6.2 Second-generation CT
2.6.3 Third-generation CT
2.6.4 Fourth-generation CT
2.6.5 Fifth-generation CT
2.7 Spiral volume scanning and multislice-CT
2.8 Post-processing
2.9 Contrast agents
2.10 Intravenous iodinate contrast agents and contrast CT acquisition
2.11 ICM: adverse events
2.12 Dual-energy CT
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Functional MR applied to neurological disorders
3.1 Network medicine
3.2 Brain networks and graph theory
3.3 fcMRI and neurological disorders
3.4 fMRI as an innovative and powerful tool for the investigation of neurological disorders using network medicine
3.5 Physiological basis of fMRI
3.6 Data-driven analysis, resting state and task methods
3.6.1 Data-driven activation
3.6.2 Resting-state activation
3.6.3 Task-related activation
3.7 Connectivity evaluation in the fMRI experiment: from functional MR to functional connectivity MR
3.8 Brain alterations in the Tourette study
3.9 Brain alterations in HIV–HCV patients
3.10 Brain alterations in gustatory stimulus processing
3.11 Conclusions
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 MRI spectroscopy in neurological disorders
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and hypoxic–ischemic conditions
4.3 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neoplastic disease
4.4 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and epilepsy
4.5 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
4.5.1 MRS and demyelination disorders
4.5.2 MRS and infective disorders
4.6 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and metabolic disorders
4.7 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neurodegenerative disorders
4.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 High field MR and neurological disorders
5.1 The rationale for high field MRI
5.2 Challenges, safety issues and limitations
5.3 High field applications
5.3.1 Faster acquisition strategies
5.3.2 Double inversion recovery
5.4 Quantitative techniques
5.4.1 T1 and T2 mapping
5.4.2 Proton spectroscopy
5.4.3 Diffusion-weighted imaging
5.4.4 Magnetisation transfer
5.4.5 Functional MRI
5.4.6 Volumetric techniques
5.5 New frontiers and future developments
5.5.1 Phosphorus spectroscopy
5.5.2 Sodium imaging
5.5.3 Hyperpolarised 13C MRSI
5.5.4 Magnetic resonance fingerprinting and synthetic magnetic resonance imaging
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Applications of nuclear medicine in multiple sclerosis
6.1 Physical and physiological considerations for a nuclear medicine study
6.1.1 Gamma camera
6.1.2 Photon energy
6.1.3 Half-life
6.1.4 Production of radiopharmaceuticals
6.1.5 Imaging
6.1.6 Nuclear medicine imaging tracers for neurology
6.2 Clinical developments
6.2.1 Cerebrovascular disease
6.2.2 Neurodegenerative disorders
6.3 Demyelination
6.4 Brain metabolism
6.5 Conclusions
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Multiple sclerosis: clinical features
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Epidemiology
7.3 Causes and risk factors
7.3.1 Neuropathology
7.4 Clinical courses
7.5 Clinical features
7.6 Optic neuritis
7.7 Cognition
7.8 Psychiatric disorders in MS
7.9 Comorbidities in MS
7.10 Prognosis
7.11 Multiple sclerosis diagnosis
7.12 Treatments
7.13 DMDs
7.14 Treatment of relapses
7.15 Symptom management
7.16 DMD efficacy: NEDA
7.17 PML risk monitoring
7.18 MS and quality of life
7.19 Conclusions
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Volumetric analysis and atrophy in multiple sclerosis
8.1 Brain atrophy
8.2 Conditions associated with brain atrophy
8.3 Qualitative imaging findings related to brain volume reduction
8.4 Pathological bases of atrophy in MS
8.4.1 White matter demyelination pathogenesis
8.4.2 Gray matter degeneration in MS
8.5 Neurodegeneration and MS, clinical implications
8.6 Brain volumes and how to calculate them
8.7 Linear and regional measures
8.8 Segmentation based brain volume measurement methods
8.9 Image segmentation methods
8.10 Registration based methods
8.11 Lesion segmentation
8.12 Conclusion
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 MR spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 1H-MRS in MS: general concepts
9.3 Acute MS lesions
9.4 Chronic MS lesions
9.5 NAWM, GM and NAGM
9.6 MS therapy
9.7 1H-MRS in MS: clinical practice
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 MR imaging and multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
10.1 Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
10.1.1 Definition
10.1.2 Pathogenesis
10.1.3 Epidemiology
10.1.4 Clinical features
10.1.5 Locations and MR appearance
10.2 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
10.2.1 Definition
10.2.2 Pathogenesis
10.2.3 Epidemiology
10.2.4 Clinical features
10.2.5 Locations and MR appearance
10.3 Baló’s concentric sclerosis
10.3.1 Definition
10.3.2 Pathogenesis
10.3.3 Epidemiology
10.3.4 Clinical features
10.3.5 Locations and MR appearance
10.4 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
10.4.1 Definition
10.4.2 Pathogenesis
10.4.3 Epidemiology
10.4.4 Clinical features
10.4.5 Locations and MR appearance
10.5 Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDL) or pseudotumor
10.5.1 Definition
10.5.2 Pathogenesis
10.5.3 Epidemiology
10.5.4 Clinical features
10.5.5 Locations and MR appearance
References
