This book focuses on the impact of nutritional disorders on the nervous system. Nutritional disorders are caused due to poverty, famine, infestations, ignorance in the developing world and due to food faddism, isolation, depression, addictions, and comorbidities in the developed countries. This book has chapters on various disorders covering basic knowledge, their clinical manifestations, basis and etiology, laboratory diagnosis, method of treatment and prognosis. It provides the guidelines to students and clinicians for dealing with such disorders which are easily preventable and amenable to treatment whose early diagnosis and management can avert morbidity and mortality.
Key Features
- Deals with the unexplored topic of the neurological impact of nutritional disorders
- Will be essential for neurologists, general physicians, and pediatricians
- Includes key illustrated examples from authors' clinical practice.
Author(s): U. K. Misra, J. Kalita
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 238
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the authors
1 Role of nutrition in the growth and development of nervous system
Introduction
Structural development
Embryonal and fetal development
Requirement of nutrients in the developing brain
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Fatty acid
Protein energy malnutrition
Other nutrients
Iodine
Assessment of nutritional deficiency in neonates and children
Factors influencing the effect of undernutrition
Mediating effect: Undernutrition affects physical and mental development by two mechanisms
Recovery from nutritional deficiency
Conclusion
References
2 Protein energy malnutrition
Introduction
Historical background
Global burden
Types of malnutrition
Diagnosis of undernutrition
Diagnosis
Pathophysiology of malnutrition
Treatment
Complications of enteral feeding
Parenteral nutrition
Management of malnutrition in children
Prevention of malnutrition
Conclusions
References
Contents 3 Thiamine deficiency neurological disorders
Introduction
History
Pathophysiology
Thiamine deficiency
Clinical manifestations of thiamine deficiency
Neurological manifestations of thiamine deficiency
Wernicke encephalopathy
Neuropathology
Treatment
Outcome and recovery pattern of WE
Korsakoff syndrome
Beriberi
The other syndromes possibly related to thiamine deficiency
Case definition of thiamine deficiency disorders
Genetic defect resulting in thiamine deficiency disorders
Prevention
Conclusion
References
4 Niacin deficiency: Pellagra
Introduction
Historical background
Sources of niacin
Absorption and metabolism
Epidemiology
Clinical features of niacin deficiency
Diagnostic criteria
Pathophysiology
Pathology
Treatment
Hartnup disease
Prevention
Toxicity of niacin
Conclusions
References
5 Neurological manifestations of pyridoxine deficiency
Introduction
History
Mechanism of action
Unwanted effects of PLP
Sources of pyridoxine
Absorption and distribution
Causes of pyridoxine deficiency
Clinical syndromes of pyridoxine deficiency
Peripheral neuropathy
Systemic manifestations of pyridoxine deficiency
Pyridoxine hypervitaminosis
Diagnosis and treatment
Conclusion
References
6 Neurological effects of Vitamin B12 deficiency
Introduction
Historical background
Structure and function of vitamin B12
Dietary sources of vitamin B12
Daily requirement of vitamin B12
Absorption
Cellular function of cobalamin
Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency
Cobalamin and folate relationship
Clinical features of cobalamin deficiency
Hematological manifestations
Neurological manifestations
Pathology
Laboratory diagnosis
Conundrum of subclinical cobalamin deficiency
Treatment
Cobalamin deficiency in pediatrics
Outcome
Conclusion
References
7 Vitamin D deficiency
Introduction
History
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Sources of Vitamin D
Recommended dietary intake of vitamin D
Causes of vitamin D deficiency
Clinical syndromes of vitamin D deficiency
Musculoskeletal system
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency, rickets and osteomalacia
Nonskeletal functions of vitamin D
Multiple sclerosis and inflammatory disease
Treatment of vitamin D deficiency
Genetically mediated rickets or osteomalacia
Conclusion
References
8 Vitamin E deficiency and its neurological effects
Introduction
Historical background
Sources of vitamin E
Structure and functions of vitamin E
Absorption and metabolism
Mechanism of action
Vitamin E deficiency state
Clinical feature of vitamin E deficiency
Isolated vitamin E deficiency
Investigations
Treatment
Vitamin E in restorative neurology
Vitamin E toxicity
Conclusion
References
9 Neurological manifestations of fluorosis
Introduction
History
Epidemiology
Absorption and distribution
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Dental fluorosis
Skeletal fluorosis
Neurological complications of fluorosis
Investigations
Management
Prevention
Conclusion
References
10 Iodine deficiency disorders and their neurological consequences
Introduction
History
Epidemiology
Sources of iodine
Absorption and distribution
Daily recommended dose of iodine
Role of iodine in neurological development
Community intervention studies
Measurement of Iodine status
Treatment and prevention
Conclusions
References
11 Neurological consequences of copper and zinc deficiency
Introduction
Copper
History
Absorption
Dietary sources of copper
Copper deficiency
Role of copper in cell injury
Clinical effects of copper deficiency
Diagnosis of copper deficiency state
Treatment
Copper toxicity
Zinc
Daily requirement and dietary sources of zinc
Dietary source of zinc
Absorption
Cellular biology of zinc
Clinical features of zinc deficiency
Diagnosis of zinc deficiency
Treatment
Conclusion
References
12 Water as a nutrient in health and disease
Introduction
History
Water homeostasis
Regulation of fluid intake
Output
Regulation of water balance
Health effects of hypohydration
Neurological effects
Physical activity
Skin
Cardiovascular effects
Renal functions
Gastrointestinal functions
Relationship between water consumption and energy intake
Water requirement
Types of dehydration
Clinical signs of dehydration
World Health Organization (WHO) scale of dehydration
Management
Fluid management in relation to exercise
Fluid therapy in critically ill patients
Types of fluid
Fluid overload
Water toxicity
Conclusion
References
13 Electrolytes in health and disease
Introduction
History
Sodium
Definition and causes of hyponatremia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Classification of hyponatremia
Management of hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Potassium
Introduction
Potassium homeostasis
Hypokalemia
Laboratory investigation
Treatment of Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Clinical features
Treatment
Magnesium
Hypomagnesemia
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
Hypermagnesemia
Calcium
Hypocalcaemia
Hypercalcemia
Phosphorus
Hyperphosphatemia
Conclusion
References
14 Specific dietary management of certain neurological disorders
Introduction
Phenylketonuria
Historical aspect
Metabolic abnormality
Diagnosis
Treatment
Maple syrup urine disease
Historical aspects
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Methyl malonic acidemia and propionic acidemia
Clinical features
Laboratory investigations
Treatment
Fatty acid oxidation disorders
Glycogen storage disease
Galactosemia
Urea cycle disorders (UCD)
Ketogenic diet
Conclusion
References
Index
