The concepts of the neuroendocrine system and the immune system emerged more or less simultaneously in the second half of the 20th century. Although these systems have a high degree of autonomy, it has also become clear that they interact in many ways and at different levels. This book focuses on the neuroendocrine and immune interactions that are fundamental to normal development and maintenance of health.
The first introductory chapters are devoted to the historical and philosophical concepts within the field, as well as evolutionary considerations, offering critical interdisciplinary perspectives on the development of this field of research. Without attempting an exhaustive overview, the book then introduces some of the regulatory pathways that mediate interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems and examines modulating factors such as age and sex. In addition, several chapters address the importance of neuroendocrine-immune interactions in some disease states.
Readers can expect to gain a broad perspective of neuroendocrine-immune interactions in development, health, and disease, along with a critical evaluation of current methods used in the field. Given its scope, the book is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in neuroendocrinology, neuroimmunology, and neuroscience, as well as postdoctoral fellows and established researchers seeking a comprehensive overview and historical perspective of the field of neuroendocrine-immune interactions.
Author(s): Jan Pieter Konsman, Teresa M. Reyes
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 392
City: Cham
Series Preface
Volume Preface
References
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Concepts
1: A History of Immune and Neuroendocrine System Interactions
1.1 Introduction: Why and What History?
1.1.1 History of Techniques Prior to WWII
1.1.2 History of Ideas Prior to WWII
1.2 Post-World War II Success Stories of Immunology and Neuroendocrinology
1.2.1 Connecting the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
1.2.2 Study of Immunity Between Chemistry and Biology
1.2.3 Characterization of Some Hypothalamic Releasing Factors and Pituitary Hormones
1.2.4 Tolerance and Antibody Production
1.2.5 Neuroendocrinology as a Discipline
1.2.6 Antibodies as Tools
1.2.7 The Recognition of Neuroendocrine Systems
1.2.8 A Formulation of the Immune System
1.3 A History of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions
1.3.1 Conditioning Immune Responses
1.3.2 Stressing Corticotropic Influences on Immune Responses
1.3.3 Shared Markers and Multilevel Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions
1.4 Perspectives for Future Research
1.5 Key References
References
2: Philosophical Perspectives on Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions: The Building Block Model and Complementary Neuro-Endocrin...
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biological Systems and Their Functions: It´s a Difficult Relationship, Not Just a Sum of Building Blocks
2.3 Rethinking Individual Building Blocks: The Case of the Immune System
2.3.1 Argument 1: The Immune System Beyond Defense
2.3.2 Argument 2: The Immune System as an Ecological and Whole-Body System
2.3.3 Argument 3: How to Distinguish the Immune System from Other Systems
2.4 Rethinking the Recomposition of Multiple Building Blocks: The Enteric Nervous, Immune, Endocrine, and Microbiota Systems
2.4.1 Proposal 1: The Gut Complex as a Unit of Organization
2.4.2 Proposal 2: The Building Block Model and Ecological Models for the Gut Complex
2.4.3 Proposal 3: A NEIMS Approach
2.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Box 2.1 Philosophical Key Points
2.6 Key References
References
3: The Behavioural Immune System of Lower Vertebrates
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cells and Mediators Involved in the Immune Response of Lower Vertebrates
3.2.1 Pathogen Recognition and Intracellular Response to Infection
3.2.2 The Course of Inflammation and the Key Players Involved
3.3 Systemic Inflammation vs. Neuroinflammation in Ectothermic Vertebrates
3.3.1 Microglia Activation
3.3.2 Methods/Markers to Study Microglia
3.4 Infection-Induced Changes in Behaviour of Ectothermic Vertebrates
3.4.1 Fever
3.4.2 Eating `Disorders´
3.4.3 Locomotor, Social and Exploratory Behaviour
3.5 Perspectives
3.6 Key References
References
Part II: Regulatory Pathways
4: Cytokines and Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activation: Now a Classic of Immune-Neuroendocrine System Interactions
4.1 Introduction: Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems
4.1.1 Post-WWII Conceptual Developments Leading to Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems
4.1.2 Post-WWII Tools to Study Neuroendocrine and Immune System Components
4.2 Regulation of Immune and Neuroendocrine Systems: Cytokine-HPA-Axis Interactions
4.2.1 Immunophysiology
4.2.2 Stress and Immunity
4.2.3 Communication Between Immune and Neuroendocrine Systems
4.3 How Cytokines and the HPA-Axis Interact
4.3.1 Cytokines Can Interact with the HPA-Axis at Different Levels
4.3.2 Mechanisms Mediating IL-1-Induced HPA-Axis Activation
4.4 Outstanding Questions and Perspectives
4.5 Key References
References
5: Catecholamines and Immunomodulation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Catecholamine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation
The Discovery of Dopamine as a Neurotransmitter
5.3 Catecholamine Receptors
5.3.1 Dopamine Receptors
5.3.2 Adrenergic Receptors
5.3.3 DR-AR Heteromers
How to Study GPCR Heteromers
5.4 Involvement of Catecholamine Receptors in Immunity
5.4.1 Dopamine Receptors and Immunity
5.4.2 Adrenergic Receptors and Immunity
What to Keep in Mind When Analyzing Catecholamine Receptors
5.5 Synthesis of Catecholamines in Immune Cells
5.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
5.7 Key References
References
6: Neuroendocrine-immune Interactions in Major Depressive Disorder: Glucocorticoids and Glucocorticoid Receptors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
6.3 Impaired Endocrine Regulation in MDD
6.4 Activated Inflammatory Response in MDD
6.5 Neuroendocrine-Immune System Interaction
6.6 Neuroendocrine-Immune Models
6.6.1 The `Glucocorticoid Resistance Model´
6.6.2 The `Pro-inflammatory Cortisol´ Model as an Alternative to the Glucocorticoid Resistance Model
6.7 HPA Axis Dysregulation in MDD: The Role of FKBP5
6.7.1 FKBP in MDD
6.7.2 FKBP5: Gene-Environment Interactions
6.7.3 FKBP5: Epigenetic Mechanisms
6.8 Conclusion
6.9 Key References
References
7: Brain Fluids, Blood-Brain Interfaces, and Their Involvement in Neuroimmune Regulation During Development and in Adulthood
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Organization of Brain Fluids During Development and in Adult
7.2.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid
7.2.1.1 Embryonic Cerebrospinal Fluid
7.2.1.2 Fetal and Adult Cerebrospinal Fluid
From Production to Resorption
Composition and Functions
7.2.2 Brain Interstitial Fluid
7.3 The Blood-Brain Interfaces During Development and in Adult
7.3.1 The Blood-Brain Barrier
7.3.1.1 Organization and Function
7.3.1.2 Development of the Vascular Network and Blood-Brain Barrier
7.3.1.3 The History of an Immature Blood-Brain Barrier Concept
7.3.2 The Blood-CSF Barrier
7.3.2.1 The Choroid Plexuses
Organization and Functions
Selective Barrier Properties
Transport and Secretion of Biologically Active Molecules
Development of the Choroid Plexuses
The History of the Immature Blood-CSF Barrier Concept
7.3.2.2 The Arachnoid
7.4 Neuroimmune Regulation
7.4.1 The CNS, an Immunoprivileged Site
7.4.2 The Role of Brain Fluid Drainage Pathways in Neuroimmune Regulation
7.4.2.1 The Cerebrospinal Fluid
7.4.2.2 The Interstitial Fluid
7.4.2.3 Interconnection Between CSF and ISF
7.4.3 The Role of Brain Barriers in Neuroimmune Regulation
7.4.3.1 The Blood-Brain Barrier
7.4.3.2 The Blood-CSF Barriers
The Choroid Plexuses
The Arachnoid and Pial Vessels
7.5 Perspectives
7.6 Key References
References
8: Neuropeptide Binding Autoantibodies Regulating Neuroendocrine Communications
8.1 Introduction. Peptide Signaling in the Neuroendocrine System
8.2 Detection of Neuropeptide-Reactive Autoantibodies: Methodology
8.3 Occurrence of Neuropeptide-Reactive Autoantibodies
8.4 Role of Autoantibodies as Peptide Carriers
8.5 Role of Autoantibodies in Neuropeptide Receptor Activation (α-MSH, ACTH, Oxytocin)
8.6 Catalytic Effect of Neuropeptide-Reactive IgG
8.7 Peptide-Autoantibody Complex Penetration Across the Blood-Brain Barrier
8.8 Antigenic Origin and Discovery Pathway to New Drugs
8.9 Pathogenic Role of α-MSH Autoantibodies
8.10 Conclusions
8.11 Key References
References
Part III: Modulation
9: Postnatal Development of Neuroimmune Responses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What Murine Postnatal Development Means for Humans
Box 9.1: Spiny Mouse
9.3 Postnatal Development of Neuroimmune Responses
9.3.1 The Postnatal Neuroimmune Environment Programs Neuroimmune Responses Long-Term
9.3.2 The Postnatal Neuroimmune Environment Programs Stress and Anxiety
9.3.3 Postnatal Diet and Its Neuroimmune Programming Effects
9.4 Postnatal Development of Microglia
9.4.1 Microglia Express an Age-Dependent Morphological and Gene Signature Through Postnatal Development
Box 9.2: Microglial Development
9.4.2 Microglia Support Functional Development of the Postnatal Brain
9.4.3 Postnatal Microglial Perturbations Can Program Long-Term Brain Development
9.5 The Positive and Negative of Postnatal Programming
9.6 Experimental Considerations
9.6.1 The Maternal-Offspring Unit
9.6.2 Litter Sizes
9.6.3 Sex Differences
9.6.4 Gut Microbiome
9.7 Latest Developments in the Field
9.7.1 Genetic and Dietary Supplements for Modifying Immune Cells
9.7.2 Precision Imaging of Immune Cells
9.7.3 `Omics-Level Understanding of Postnatal Programming Changes
9.8 Perspectives
9.9 Key References
References
10: Sex Differences in Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions
10.1 Introduction
Box 10.1: NIH´s Mandate on the Study of Sex as a Biological Variable (SABV)
10.2 Primer on the Immune System
Box 10.2: Basic Composition of the Immune System
10.3 Primer on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Immune System (HPA) and Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR)
10.4 Sex and the Immune System
10.4.1 Tripartite Relationship Among HPA Axis, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis, and Immune System
10.4.2 Sex and the Immune System: Beyond the HPA Axis Connection
10.5 Key Experimental Factors in Consideration of Sex Differences
Box 10.3: Classifications of Sex Differences
10.5.1 Sex Chromosome Influences on Design
10.5.2 Organizational Influences of Sex Steroids
10.5.3 Activational Influences of Sex Steroid Influences on Experimental Design
10.5.4 Additional Considerations: Aging and Gender
10.6 Perspectives
10.7 Key References
References
Further Recommended Reading
11: Biological Clocks and Immune Function
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Rhythms in Immune Function
11.3 Clock Signaling to the Immune System (Autonomic and Endocrine Systems)
11.4 Crosstalk Between the Immune System and Circadian Clock
11.5 Circadian Control of Immune Cell Trafficking
11.6 Effects of Disrupted Circadian Rhythms on Disease
11.7 Conclusions, Pitfalls, Future Directions
11.8 Key References
References
12: Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Microbiota
12.2.1 Genetic Tools for Microbiome Characterization
12.2.2 Tools to Characterize Microbial Community Functions
12.2.3 Neuroendocrine Effects on Microbiome Stability
12.2.4 Involvement of the Immune System in Neuroendocrine Effects on the Microbiome
12.2.5 Neuroendocrine-Immune Effects on the Microbiome in Humans in Humans
12.2.6 Tools to Assess the Impact of the Microbiome on the Host
12.3 The Brain-Gut Microbiota Axis
12.3.1 The Brain-Gut Axis
12.3.2 Influence of Microbes on Gut-Derived Peptide Hormones and Immune System Activity
12.3.3 Gut Microbes and the Gut-Brain Axis
12.3.3.1 The Vagus Nerve and Gut Microbe to Brain Signaling
12.3.4 Interkingdom Communication Through the Use of Common Ligands and Receptors
12.3.4.1 Tryptophan and Its Metabolites
12.3.4.2 Glutamate and GABA: Bacterial Influences on Excitatory-Inhibitory Balance
12.3.4.3 Bacterial Stimulation of Oxytocin
12.3.5 Other Microbial Metabolites that Can Affect the Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
12.3.5.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA)
12.3.5.2 Bacterial Vitamins
12.4 Importance of the Intestinal Epithelium in the Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis
12.5 Conclusion
12.6 Key References
References
Part IV: Disease
13: Energy Balance and Neuroendocrine-Immune Regulation in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases: An Evolutionary Persp...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Evolutionary Medicine and Energy Regulation
13.2.1 Evolutionary Medicine Fundamentals
13.2.2 Energy Balance in Health and Acute Disease
13.2.3 Why Chronic Disease?
13.3 Neuroendocrine-Immune System Interactions: Focus on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Energy Balance Signals
13.3.1 Possible Origins of Neuroendocrine-Immune System Interactions
13.3.2 Interactions between the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Acute Disease Models
13.3.3 Interactions Between Neuroendocrine Signaling Underlying Energy Balance and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Acute Disease...
13.3.4 Interactions Between Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems in Chronic Disease
13.3.5 Interactions Between the HPA-Axis and pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Chronic Disease and their Animal Models
13.3.6 Interactions Between Neuroendocrine Signaling Underlying Energy Balance and Cytokines in Chronic Disease
13.4 Conclusion
13.5 Key References
References
14: Autonomic, Immune, Metabolic, and Neuroendocrine Dimensions of Anorexia Nervosa: An Integrative View
14.1 Introduction
Box 14.1 Criteria for and Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa
14.2 Autonomic Alterations in AN
14.2.1 Autonomic Organization and Control
14.2.1.1 Autonomic Components
14.2.1.2 Autonomic Control
14.2.1.3 Autonomic Responses
14.2.2 Autonomic Activity in AN
14.3 Immune Alterations in Anorexia Nervosa
14.3.1 Immune Disturbances in AN
Box 14.2 Cytokines and Inflammation
14.3.2 Cytokine Disturbances in AN
14.3.2.1 Comparison of AN Patients and Healthy Control Subjects
14.3.2.2 Are the Cytokine Disturbances in AN Caused by Inflammatory Conditions or by Nutritional Deprivation?
14.4 Metabolic Alterations in Anorexia Nervosa
14.4.1 Ghrelin and Anorexia Nervosa
14.4.2 Leptin and Anorexia Nervosa
14.4.3 Glucocorticoids and Anorexia Nervosa: Involvement of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
14.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
14.6 Key References: See Main List for Reference Details
References
Further Recommended Reading
Anorexia Nervosa
Hormones Involved in Regulation of Food Intake
Endocrine Alterations in Anorexia Nervosa
Animals Models of Anorexia Nervosa
Immune System in Anorexia Nervosa
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System in Anorexia Nervosa
Glossary
