Neuroanatomy Research Advances (Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge)

NEUROANATOMY RESEARCH ADVANCES......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Abstract......Page 15
Introduction......Page 16
Types of Pain......Page 17
Central Relay of Nociceptive Afferents......Page 18
The Sensory Portion of the Trigeminal Nerve and the Corresponding Nuclei......Page 19
Neurotransmitters/ Neuromodulator Contents of the Trigeminal Ganglion......Page 22
Sympathetic Nerves......Page 26
The Ascending Spinal Tracts Involved in Transmission of Pain......Page 27
The Supraspinal Centers Involved in Modulation of Pain......Page 28
Descending Pathways Involved in Modulation of Pain......Page 30
Hypothalamus......Page 31
Parabrachial Nucleus......Page 32
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius......Page 33
Dorsal Reticular Nucleus of the Medulla......Page 34
Periaqueductal Grey Matter......Page 35
Cluster Headaches......Page 37
Migraine Headache......Page 39
The Pathomechanism and Trigger for Migraine......Page 40
Conclusion......Page 47
References......Page 49
Abstract......Page 73
1. Introduction......Page 74
1.1 Structural Organization of the Neocortex......Page 75
1.2 Variability in the Neocortex......Page 76
2. Architectonic Studies......Page 82
2.1 Early Architectonic Studies......Page 83
2.2 Architectonic Studies of the Early 20th Century......Page 86
2.3 Cytoarchitectonic Methods of the Late 20th Century......Page 88
3. Problems......Page 93
4. Observer-Independent Method......Page 95
5. The Future......Page 96
References......Page 99
Abstract......Page 107
Introduction......Page 108
RT-PCR......Page 110
Immunocytochemistry......Page 111
Retinal Cultures......Page 112
NT4 is Uniformly Expressed Throughout Retinal Development, but Likewise Localized in Retinal Ganglion and Amacrine Cells......Page 113
mRNA Levels of TrkB Receptors are Upregulated During Murine Retinal PCD Peaks......Page 115
BDNF and NT4 have Different Survival Promoting Capacity During Retinal PCD Phases......Page 116
Insulin Levels are Uniform During Retinal Development, whereas mRNA Levels of the InsR are Up-Regulated During Murine Retinal PCD Peaks......Page 117
CNTF Expression Gradually Increases During Murine Retinal Development, but Expression Maxima of the CNTFR Correlate with the Main PCD Peaks......Page 118
Insulin Significantly Prevents PCD of Retinal Neurons, whereas CNTF Shows no Survival Promoting Effects During Murine Retinal PCD Periods......Page 119
BDNF, NT4 and Insulin Prevent Apoptosis of Ganglion Cells and Photoreceptors During Late PCD of the P15 Murine Retina......Page 120
Conclusion......Page 121
References......Page 127
Abstract......Page 135
1. Introduction......Page 136
2.2 Immunocytochemistry......Page 137
3.1 Distribution of Orexin-lir Somata......Page 139
3.2 Distribution of Orexin-lir Processes......Page 140
4.1 Functional Implications of Orexin-lir Neuronal Distribution......Page 143
4.2.2 Birds......Page 146
4.2.4 Amphibians......Page 147
4.3 Further Considerations......Page 148
Acknowledgments......Page 149
References......Page 150
Abstract......Page 159
Introduction......Page 160
Materials and Methods......Page 163
Results......Page 164
References......Page 175
Abstract......Page 179
Jakob’s Final Publications......Page 180
References......Page 181
Abstract......Page 185
The Macroscopic Organization of the Human Olfactory System......Page 186
Microscopic Organization of the Human Olfactory System......Page 187
The Olfactory Peduncle......Page 188
The Anterior Olfactory Nucleus......Page 189
The Anterior Olfactory Nucleus Retrobulbar......Page 190
The Anterior Olfactory Nucleus Cortical Anterior Medial (Aoncam) and Lateral (Aoncal)......Page 191
Conclusion......Page 192
References......Page 193
Abstract......Page 197
Neuroanatomy......Page 198
Monotypy and Polymorphism......Page 201
Neurotaxonomy......Page 202
Neoteny (Figures 8 A, B, C)......Page 204
Fractal Organization Tendency......Page 205
Conclusion......Page 207
References......Page 208
Introduction......Page 211
Neuroanatomy of Vagal Cardiac Control......Page 212
Functional Significance......Page 213
Quantification of Vagal Activity......Page 214
Application Issues......Page 215
References......Page 216
Abstract......Page 221
1.Introduction......Page 222
2.CompositionofNerves......Page 223
2.1.NomenclatureoftheNerveFibers......Page 224
2.2.RelationshipbetweenSizeandConductionVelocityoftheNerveFibers......Page 225
2.3.UnresolvedIssues......Page 226
3.1.MorphometryoftheSciaticNerveSystem......Page 227
3.2.FiberPopulationModeling......Page 228
3.3.ClassificationoftheFiberPopulations......Page 232
3.4.CalculatedCut-offBordersComparedtoLiteratureData......Page 234
4.1.TopographyofNervesandDorsalRootGanglia......Page 240
4.2.SpatialAnalysisoftheVentralRootTopography......Page 242
4.2.2.K-functionAnalysis......Page 243
4.2.4.LocalSpatialAnalysis......Page 244
4.4.OriginoftheObservedClustering......Page 252
5.1.PopulationMixtureModeling......Page 253
5.1.2.OptimalModelSelection......Page 254
5.3.ConventionalAnalyticalTools......Page 255
5.4.1.LocalClusteringFunction......Page 257
5.4.3.ReconstructionoftheClusterGeometry......Page 258
5.4.5.GeneralApplicationsoftheLocalSpatialAnalysis......Page 259
B.ClassificationofMeasurementsintoMixtureModelsbyMaximumLikelihood......Page 260
B.1.TheMaximumLikelihoodPrinciple......Page 261
B.2.ApplicationsinMixtureModels......Page 262
B.2.2.LognormalMixtureModels......Page 263
C.PropertiesofCSRSpatialPointPatterns......Page 264
D.ParametersoftheLognormalPopulationModelsoftheTib-ialandSuralNerves......Page 266
E. Glossary......Page 267
References......Page 269
Index......Page 281