Neuro-Ophthalmology: Case Based Practice

Preface
Contents
Part I: Afferent Disorders
1: Optic Neuritis
1.1 Case 1: Optic Neuritis with Idiopathic Demyelination
1.1.1 Case Presentation
1.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
1.1.3 Ancillary Test
1.1.4 Formulation
1.1.5 Diagnosis
1.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
1.1.7 Management
1.1.8 Prognosis
1.1.9 Comments
1.2 Case 2: Optic Neuritis with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Seropositive
1.2.1 Case Presentation
1.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
1.2.3 Ancillary Test
1.2.4 Formulation
1.2.5 Diagnosis
1.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
1.2.7 Management
1.2.8 Prognosis
1.2.9 Comments
1.3 Case 3: Optic Neuritis Associated with Multiple Sclerosis
1.3.1 Case Presentation
1.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
1.3.3 Ancillary Test
1.3.4 Formulation
1.3.5 Management
1.3.6 Prognosis
1.3.7 Diagnosis
1.3.8 Differential Diagnosis
1.3.9 Comments
1.4 Case 4: Pediatric Optic Neuritis
1.4.1 Case Presentation
1.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
1.4.3 Ancillary Test
1.4.4 Formulation
1.4.5 Diagnosis
1.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
1.4.7 Management
1.4.8 Prognosis
1.4.9 Comments
1.5 Case 5: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
1.5.1 Case Presentation
1.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
1.5.3 Ancillary Test
1.5.4 Formulation
1.5.5 Diagnosis
1.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
1.5.7 Management
1.5.8 Prognosis
1.5.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Optic Neuritis with Idiopathic Demyelination
Case 2: Optic Neuritis with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Seropositive
Case 3: Optic Neuritis Associated with Multiple Sclerosis
Case 4: Pediatric Optic Neuritis
Case 5: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
2: Neuromyelitis Optica
2.1 Case 1: Neuromyelitis Optica
2.1.1 Case Presentation
2.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
2.1.3 Ancillary Test
2.1.4 Formulation
2.1.5 Diagnosis
2.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
2.1.7 Management
2.1.8 Prognosis
2.1.9 Comments
2.2 Case 2: Sjögren’s Syndrome
2.2.1 Case Presentation
2.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
2.2.3 Ancillary Test
2.2.4 Formulation
2.2.5 Diagnosis
2.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
2.2.7 Management
2.2.8 Prognosis
2.2.9 Comments
2.3 Case 3: Behcet’s Disease
2.3.1 Case Presentation
2.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
2.3.3 Ancillary Test
2.3.4 Formulation
2.3.5 Diagnosis
2.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
2.3.7 Management
2.3.8 Prognosis
2.3.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Neuromyelitis Optica
Case 2: Sjögren’s Syndrome
Case 3: Behcet’s Disease
3: Optic Neuropathy of Inflammation and Infiltration
3.1 Case 1: Granulomatosis Polyangiitis
3.1.1 Case Presentation
3.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
3.1.3 Ancillary Test
3.1.4 Formulation
3.1.5 Diagnosis
3.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.1.7 Management
3.1.8 Prognosis
3.1.9 Comments
3.2 Case 2: Sarcoidosis
3.2.1 Case Presentation
3.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
3.2.3 Ancillary Test
3.2.4 Formulation
3.2.5 Diagnosis
3.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.2.7 Management
3.2.8 Prognosis
3.2.9 Comments
3.3 Case 3: Rosai-Dorfman Disease
3.3.1 Case Presentation
3.3.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
3.3.3 Ancillary Test
3.3.4 Formulation
3.3.5 Diagnosis
3.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.3.7 Management
3.3.8 Prognosis
3.3.9 Comments
3.4 Case 4: Lung Carcinoma
3.4.1 Case Presentation
3.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
3.4.3 Ancillary Test
3.4.4 Formulation
3.4.5 Diagnosis
3.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.4.7 Management
3.4.8 Prognosis
3.4.9 Comments
3.5 Case 5: Breast Carcinoma
3.5.1 Case Presentation
3.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
3.5.3 Ancillary Test
3.5.4 Formulation
3.5.5 Diagnosis
3.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.5.7 Management
3.5.8 Prognosis
3.5.9 Comments
3.6 Case 6: Lymphocytic Leukemia (Acute)
3.6.1 Case Presentation
3.6.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
3.6.3 Ancillary Test
3.6.4 Formulation
3.6.5 Diagnosis
3.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.6.7 Management
3.6.8 Prognosis
3.6.9 Comments
3.7 Case 7: Lymphocytic Leukemia (Chronic)
3.7.1 Case Presentation
3.7.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
3.7.3 Ancillary Test
3.7.4 Formulation
3.7.5 Diagnosis
3.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.7.7 Management
3.7.8 Prognosis
3.7.9 Comments
3.8 Case 8: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
3.8.1 Case Presentation
3.8.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
3.8.3 Ancillary Test
3.8.4 Formulation
3.8.5 Diagnosis
3.8.6 Differential Diagnosis
3.8.7 Management
3.8.8 Prognosis
3.8.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Granulomatosis Polyangiitis
Case 2: Sarcoidosis
Case 3: Rosai-Dorfman Disease
Case 4: Lung Carcinoma
Case 5: Breast Carcinoma
Case 6: Lymphocytic Leukemia (Acute)
Case 7: Lymphocytic Leukemia (Chronic)
Case 8: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
4: Optic Neuropathy of Infectious
4.1 Case 1: Optic Neuropathy in Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria Infection
4.1.1 Case Presentation
4.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
4.1.3 Ancillary Test
4.1.4 Formulation
4.1.5 Diagnosis
4.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
4.1.7 Management
4.1.8 Prognosis
4.1.9 Comments
4.2 Case 2: Optic Neuropathy in Fungus Infection
4.2.1 Case Presentation
4.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
4.2.3 Ancillary Test
4.2.4 Formulation
4.2.5 Diagnosis
4.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
4.2.7 Management
4.2.8 Prognosis
4.2.9 Comments
4.3 Case 3: Optic Neuropathy in Syphilis Infection
4.3.1 Case Presentation
4.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
4.3.3 Ancillary Test
4.3.4 Formulation
4.3.5 Diagnosis
4.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
4.3.7 Management
4.3.8 Prognosis
4.3.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Optic Neuropathy in Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria Infection
Case 2: Optic Neuropathy in Fungus Infection
Case 3: Optic Neuropathy in Syphilis Infection
5: Neuroretinitis
5.1 Case 1: Syphilis Infection
5.1.1 Case Presentation
5.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
5.1.3 Ancillary Test
5.1.4 Formulation
5.1.5 Diagnosis
5.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.1.7 Management
5.1.8 Prognosis
5.1.9 Comments
5.2 Case 2: Cat Scratch Disease
5.2.1 Case Presentation
5.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
5.2.3 Ancillary Test
5.2.4 Formulation
5.2.5 Diagnosis
5.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
5.2.7 Management
5.2.8 Prognosis
5.2.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Syphilis Infection
Case 2: Cat Scratch Disease
6: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
6.1 Case 1: Drug Induced
6.1.1 Case Presentation
6.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
6.1.3 Ancillary Test
6.1.4 Formulation
6.1.5 Diagnosis
6.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
6.1.7 Management
6.1.8 Prognosis
6.1.9 Comments
6.2 Case 2: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (High Altitude)
6.2.1 Case Presentation
6.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
6.2.3 Ancillary Test
6.2.4 Formulation
6.2.5 Diagnosis
6.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
6.2.7 Management
6.2.8 Prognosis
6.2.9 Comments
6.3 Case 3: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (After Surgery)
6.3.1 Case Presentation
6.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
6.3.3 Ancillary Test
6.3.4 Formulation
6.3.5 Diagnosis
6.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
6.3.7 Management
6.3.8 Prognosis
6.3.9 Comments
6.4 Case 4: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Drusen)
6.4.1 Case Presentation
6.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
6.4.3 Ancillary Test
6.4.4 Formulation
6.4.5 Diagnosis
6.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
6.4.7 Management
6.4.8 Prognosis
6.4.9 Comments
6.5 Case 5: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Iatrogenic)
6.5.1 Case Presentation
6.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
6.5.3 Ancillary Test
6.5.4 Formulation
6.5.5 Diagnosis
6.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
6.5.7 Management
6.5.8 Prognosis
6.5.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Drug Induced
Case 2: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (High Altitude)
Case 3: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (After Surgery)
Case 4: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Drusen)
Case 5: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Iatrogenic)
7: Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
7.1 Case 1: Giant Cell Arteritis
7.1.1 Case Presentation
7.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
7.1.3 Ancillary Test
7.1.4 Formulation
7.1.5 Diagnosis
7.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
7.1.7 Management
7.1.8 Prognosis
7.1.9 Comments
7.2 Case 2: Giant Cell Arteritis (Bilateral)
7.2.1 Case Presentation
7.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
7.2.3 Ancillary Test
7.2.4 Formulation
7.2.5 Diagnosis
7.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
7.2.7 Management
7.2.8 Prognosis
7.2.9 Comments
7.3 Case 3: Giant Cell Arteritis (Without Visual Loss)
7.3.1 Case Presentation
7.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
7.3.3 Ancillary Test
7.3.4 Formulation
7.3.5 Diagnosis
7.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
7.3.7 Management
7.3.8 Prognosis
7.3.9 Comments
7.4 Case 4: Behcet’s Disease
7.4.1 Case Presentation
7.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
7.4.3 Ancillary Test
7.4.4 Formulation
7.4.5 Diagnosis
7.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
7.4.7 Management
7.4.8 Prognosis
7.4.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Giant Cell Arteritis
Case 2: Giant Cell Arteritis (Bilateral)
Case 3: Giant Cell Arteritis (Without Visual Loss)
Case 4: Behcet’s Disease
8: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
8.1 Case 1: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 11778)
8.1.1 Case Presentation
8.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.1.3 Ancillary Test
8.1.4 Formulation
8.1.5 Diagnosis
8.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.1.7 Management
8.1.8 Prognosis
8.1.9 Comments
8.2 Case 2: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (11778 Mutation, Pediatric)
8.2.1 Case Presentation
8.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.2.3 Ancillary Test
8.2.4 Formulation
8.2.5 Diagnosis
8.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.2.7 Management
8.2.8 Prognosis
8.2.9 Comments
8.3 Case 3: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (11778 Mutation, Elder)
8.3.1 Case Presentation
8.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.3.3 Ancillary Test
8.3.4 Formulation
8.3.5 Diagnosis
8.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.3.7 Management
8.3.8 Prognosis
8.3.9 Comments
8.4 Case 4: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (11778 Mutation, Sequential)
8.4.1 Case Presentation
8.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.4.3 Ancillary Test
8.4.4 Formulation
8.4.5 Diagnosis
8.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.4.7 Management
8.4.8 Prognosis
8.4.9 Comments
8.5 Case 5: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (11778 Mutation, with MRI Enhanced)
8.5.1 Case Presentation
8.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.5.3 Ancillary Test
8.5.4 Formulation
8.5.5 Diagnosis
8.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.5.7 Management
8.5.8 Prognosis
8.5.9 Comments
8.6 Case 6: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 13513)
8.6.1 Case Presentation
8.6.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.6.3 Ancillary Test
8.6.4 Formulation
8.6.5 Diagnosis
8.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.6.7 Management
8.6.8 Prognosis
8.6.9 Comments
8.7 Case 7: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 14484)
8.7.1 Case Presentation
8.7.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.7.3 Ancillary Test
8.7.4 Formulation
8.7.5 Diagnosis
8.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.7.7 Management
8.7.8 Prognosis
8.7.9 Comments
8.8 Case 8: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 3460)
8.8.1 Case Presentation
8.8.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.8.3 Ancillary Test
8.8.4 Formulation
8.8.5 Diagnosis
8.8.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.8.7 Management
8.8.8 Prognosis
8.8.9 Comments
8.9 Case 9: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 4174 + 12811)
8.9.1 Case Presentation
8.9.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
8.9.3 Ancillary Test
8.9.4 Formulation
8.9.5 Diagnosis
8.9.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.9.7 Management
8.9.8 Prognosis
8.9.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 11778)
Case 2: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (11778 mutation, pediatric)
Case 3: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (11778 mutation, elder)
Case 4: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (11778 mutation, sequential)
Case 5: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (11778 Mutation, with MRI Enhanced)
Case 6: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 13513)
Case 7: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 14484)
Case 8: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 3460)
Case 9: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Mutation 4174+12811)
9: Other Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
9.1 Case 1: Dominant Optic Atrophy (OPA1)
9.1.1 Case Presentation
9.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
9.1.3 Ancillary Test
9.1.4 Formulation
9.1.5 Diagnosis
9.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
9.1.7 Management
9.1.8 Prognosis
9.1.9 Comments
9.2 Case 2: Dominant Optic Atrophy (OPA1 + mtDNA11696 Mutation)
9.2.1 Case Presentation
9.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
9.2.3 Ancillary Test
9.2.4 Formulation
9.2.5 Diagnosis
9.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
9.2.7 Management
9.2.8 Prognosis
9.2.9 Comments
9.3 Case 3: Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (POLG Mutation)
9.3.1 Case Presentation
9.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
9.3.3 Ancillary Test
9.3.4 Formulation
9.3.5 Diagnosis
9.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
9.3.7 Management
9.3.8 Prognosis
9.3.9 Comments
9.4 Case 4: Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (NDUSF2 Mutation)
9.4.1 Case Presentation
9.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
9.4.3 Ancillary Test
9.4.4 Formulation
9.4.5 Diagnosis
9.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
9.4.7 Management
9.4.8 Prognosis
9.4.9 Comments
9.5 Case 5: Wolfram Syndrome (Type I)
9.5.1 Case Presentation
9.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
9.5.3 Ancillary Test
9.5.4 Formulation
9.5.5 Diagnosis
9.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
9.5.7 Management
9.5.8 Prognosis
9.5.9 Comments
9.6 Case 6: Wolfram Syndrome (Type 2)
9.6.1 Case Presentation
9.6.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
9.6.3 Ancillary Test
9.6.4 Formulation
9.6.5 Diagnosis
9.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
9.6.7 Management
9.6.8 Prognosis
9.6.9 Comments
9.7 Case 7: Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type28 (SCA28)
9.7.1 Case Presentation
9.7.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
9.7.3 Ancillary Test
9.7.4 Formulation
9.7.5 Diagnosis
9.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
9.7.7 Management
9.7.8 Prognosis
9.7.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Dominant Optic Atrophy (OPA1)
Case 2: Dominant Optic Atrophy (OPA1+mtDNA11696 mutation)
Case 3: Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (POLG Mutation)
Case 4
Case 5: Wolfram Syndrome (Type I)
Case 6: Wolfram Syndrome (Type 2)
Case 7: Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type28 (SCA28)
10: Toxic Optic Neuropathy
10.1 Case 1: Ethambutol Toxic Neuropathy
10.1.1 Case Presentation
10.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
10.1.3 Ancillary Test
10.1.4 Formulation
10.1.5 Diagnosis
10.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
10.1.7 Management
10.1.8 Prognosis
10.1.9 Comments
10.2 Case 2: Ethambutol Toxic Neuropathy in OPA1 Mutation
10.2.1 Case Presentation
10.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
10.2.3 Ancillary Test
10.2.4 Formulation
10.2.5 Diagnosis
10.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
10.2.7 Management
10.2.8 Prognosis
10.2.9 Comments
10.3 Case 3: Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Methanol)
10.3.1 Case Presentation
10.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
10.3.3 Ancillary Test
10.3.4 Formulation
10.3.5 Diagnosis
10.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
10.3.7 Management
10.3.8 Prognosis
10.3.9 Comments
10.4 Case 4: Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Penicillamine)
10.4.1 Case Presentation
10.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
10.4.3 Ancillary Test
10.4.4 Formulation
10.4.5 Diagnosis
10.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
10.4.7 Management
10.4.8 Prognosis
10.4.9 Comments
10.5 Case 5: Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Thiamine-Deficient)
10.5.1 Case Presentation
10.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
10.5.3 Ancillary Test
10.5.4 Formulation
10.5.5 Diagnosis
10.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
10.5.7 Management
10.5.8 Prognosis
10.5.9 Comments
10.6 Case 6: Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Anthelmintic)
10.6.1 Case Presentation
10.6.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
10.6.3 Ancillary Test
10.6.4 Formulation
10.6.5 Diagnosis
10.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
10.6.7 Management
10.6.8 Prognosis
10.6.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Ethambutol Toxic Neuropathy
Case 2: Ethambutol Toxic Neuropathy in OPA1 Mutation
Case 3: Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Methanol)
Case 4: Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Penicillamine)
Case 5: Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Thiamine-Deficient)
Case 6: Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Anthelmintic)
11: Papilledema
11.1 Case 1: Idiopathy Intracranial Hypertension
11.1.1 Case Presentation
11.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.1.3 Ancillary Test
11.1.4 Formulation
11.1.5 Diagnosis
11.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.1.7 Management
11.1.8 Prognosis
11.1.9 Comments
11.2 Case 2: Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome (Secondary to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome)
11.2.1 Case Presentation
11.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.2.3 Ancillary Test
11.2.4 Formulation
11.2.5 Diagnosis
11.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.2.7 Management
11.2.8 Prognosis
11.2.9 Comments
11.3 Case 3: Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndromes (Secondary to Venous Stenosis)
11.3.1 Case Presentation
11.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.3.3 Ancillary Test
11.3.4 Formulation
11.3.5 Diagnosis
11.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.3.7 Management
11.3.8 Prognosis
11.3.9 Comments
11.4 Case 4: Papilledema (Secondary to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage)
11.4.1 Case Presentation
11.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.4.3 Ancillary Test
11.4.4 Formulation
11.4.5 Diagnosis
11.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.4.7 Management
11.4.8 Prognosis
11.4.9 Comments
11.5 Case 5: Papilledema (Secondary to Glioma)
11.5.1 Case Presentation
11.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.5.3 Ancillary Test
11.5.4 Formulation
11.5.5 Diagnosis
11.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.5.7 Management
11.5.8 Prognosis
11.5.9 Comments
11.6 Case 6: Papilledema (Secondary to Meningeal Carcinomatosis)
11.6.1 Case Presentation
11.6.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.6.3 Ancillary Test
11.6.4 Formulation
11.6.5 Diagnosis
11.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.6.7 Management
11.6.8 Prognosis
11.6.9 Comments
11.7 Case 7: Papilledema (Secondary to Iatrogenic)
11.7.1 Case Presentation
11.7.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.7.3 Ancillary Test
11.7.4 Formulation
11.7.5 Diagnosis
11.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.7.7 Management
11.7.8 Prognosis
11.7.9 Comments
11.8 Case 8: Papilledema (Secondary to Hydrocephalus)
11.8.1 Case Presentation
11.8.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.8.3 Ancillary Test
11.8.4 Formulation
11.8.5 Diagnosis
11.8.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.8.7 Management
11.8.8 Prognosis
11.8.9 Comments
11.9 Case 9: Papilledema (Secondary to Arachnoid Cyst)
11.9.1 Case Presentation
11.9.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.9.3 Ancillary Test
11.9.4 Formulation
11.9.5 Diagnosis
11.9.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.9.7 Management
11.9.8 Prognosis
11.9.9 Comments
11.10 Case 10: Papilledema (Secondary to Arteriovenous Fistula)
11.10.1 Case Presentation
11.10.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.10.3 Ancillary Test
11.10.4 Formulation
11.10.5 Diagnosis
11.10.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.10.7 Management
11.10.8 Prognosis
11.10.9 Comments
11.11 Case 11: Papilledema (Secondary to Arteriovenous Malformation)
11.11.1 Case Presentation
11.11.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
11.11.3 Ancillary Test
11.11.4 Formulation
11.11.5 Diagnosis
11.11.6 Differential Diagnosis
11.11.7 Management
11.11.8 Prognosis
11.11.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Idiopathy Intracranial Hypertension
Case 2: Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome (Secondary to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome)
Case 3: Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndromes (Secondary to Venous Stenosis)
Case 4: Papilledema (Secondary to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage)
Case 5: Papilledema (Secondary to Glioma)
Case 6: Papilledema (Secondary to Meningeal Carcinomatosis)
Case 7: Papilledema (Secondary to Iatrogenic)
Case 9: Papilledema (Secondary to Arachnoid Cyst)
Case 10: Papilledema (Secondary to Arteriovenous Fistula)
12: Compressive Optic Neuropathy
12.1 Case 1: Aneurysm
12.1.1 Case Presentation
12.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
12.1.3 Ancillary Test
12.1.4 Formulation
12.1.5 Diagnosis
12.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
12.1.7 Management
12.1.8 Prognosis
12.1.9 Comments
12.2 Case 2: Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma
12.2.1 Case Presentation
12.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
12.2.3 Ancillary Test
12.2.4 Formulation
12.2.5 Diagnosis
12.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
12.2.7 Management
12.2.8 Prognosis
12.2.9 Comments
12.3 Case 3: Meningioma
12.3.1 Case Presentation
12.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
12.3.3 Ancillary Test
12.3.4 Formulation
12.3.5 Diagnosis
12.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
12.3.7 Management
12.3.8 Prognosis
12.3.9 Comments
12.4 Case 4: Chiasm Glioma
12.4.1 Case Presentation
12.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
12.4.3 Ancillary Test
12.4.4 Formulation
12.4.5 Diagnosis
12.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
12.4.7 Management
12.4.8 Prognosis
12.4.9 Comments
12.5 Case 5: Myofibroma
12.5.1 Case Presentation
12.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
12.5.3 Ancillary Test
12.5.4 Formulation
12.5.5 Diagnosis
12.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
12.5.7 Management
12.5.8 Prognosis
12.5.9 Comments
12.6 Case 6: Fibrous Dysplasia
12.6.1 Case Presentation
12.6.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
12.6.3 Ancillary Test
12.6.4 Formulation
12.6.5 Diagnosis
12.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
12.6.7 Management
12.6.8 Prognosis
12.6.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Aneurysm
Case 2: Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma
Case 3: Meningioma
Case 4: Chiasm Glioma
Case 5: Myofibroma
Case 6: Fibrous Dysplasia
13: Retinopathy and Vision Loss
13.1 Case 1: Sialidosis
13.1.1 Case Presentation
13.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
13.1.3 Ancillary Test
13.1.4 Formulation
13.1.5 Diagnosis
13.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.1.7 Management
13.1.8 Prognosis
13.1.9 Comments
13.2 Case 2: Spinocerebellar Ataxia
13.2.1 Case Presentation
13.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
13.2.3 Ancillary Test
13.2.4 Formulation
13.2.5 Diagnosis
13.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.2.7 Management
13.2.8 Prognosis
13.2.9 Comments
13.3 Case 3: Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease
13.3.1 Case Presentation
13.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
13.3.3 Ancillary Test
13.3.4 Formulation
13.3.5 Diagnosis
13.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.3.7 Management
13.3.8 Prognosis
13.3.9 Comments
13.4 Case 4: Susac Syndrome
13.4.1 Case Present
13.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
13.4.3 Ancillary Test
13.4.4 Formulation
13.4.5 Diagnosis
13.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.4.7 Management
13.4.8 Prognosis
13.4.9 Comments
13.5 Case 5: Lymphoma
13.5.1 Case Presentation
13.5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
13.5.3 Ancillary Test
13.5.4 Formulation
13.5.5 Diagnosis
13.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.5.7 Management
13.5.8 Prognosis
13.5.9 Comments
13.6 Case 6: Cancer-Associated Retinopathy
13.6.1 Case Presentation
13.6.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
13.6.3 Ancillary Test
13.6.4 Formulation
13.6.5 Diagnosis
13.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.6.7 Management
13.6.8 Prognosis
13.6.9 Comments
13.7 Case 7: Iatrogenic Ophthalmic Artery Occlusion
13.7.1 Case Presentation
13.7.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
13.7.3 Ancillary Test
13.7.4 Formulation
13.7.5 Diagnosis
13.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
13.7.7 Management
13.7.8 Prognosis
13.7.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Sialidosis
Case 2: Spinocerebellar Ataxia
Case 3: Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease
Case 4: Susac Syndrome
Case 5: Lymphoma
Case 6: Cancer-Associated Retinopathy
Case 7: Iatrogenic Ophthalmic Artery Occlusion
14: Cortical Blindness
14.1 Case 1: NMDAR Encephalitis
14.1.1 Case Presentation
14.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
14.1.3 Ancillary Test
14.1.4 Formulation
14.1.5 Diagnosis
14.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
14.1.7 Management
14.1.8 Prognosis
14.1.9 Comments
14.2 Case 2. Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease
14.2.1 Case Presentation
14.2.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
14.2.3 Ancillary Test
14.2.4 Formulation
14.2.5 Diagnosis
14.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
14.2.7 Management
14.2.8 Prognosis
14.2.9 Comments
14.3 Case 3: Stroke
14.3.1 Case Presentation
14.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
14.3.3 Ancillary Test
14.3.4 Formulation
14.3.5 Diagnosis
14.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
14.3.7 Management
14.3.8 Prognosis
14.3.9 Comments
14.4 Case 4: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
14.4.1 Case Presentation
14.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
14.4.3 Ancillary Test
14.4.4 Formulation
14.4.5 Diagnosis
14.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
14.4.7 Management
14.4.8 Prognosis
14.4.9 Comments
References
Case 1: NMDAR Encephalitis
Case 2: Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Case 3: Stroke
Case 4: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Part II: Efferent Disorders
15: Extraocular Muscle Disorders
15.1 Case 1: Thyroid Eye Disease (Ptosis)
15.1.1 Case Presentation
15.1.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
15.1.3 Ancillary Test
15.1.4 Formulation
15.1.5 Diagnosis
15.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
15.1.7 Management
15.1.8 Prognosis
15.1.9 Comments
15.2 Case 2: Thyroid Eye Disease (Diplopia)
15.2.1 Case Presentation
15.2.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
15.2.3 Ancillary Test
15.2.4 Formulation
15.2.5 Diagnosis
15.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
15.2.7 Management
15.2.8 Prognosis
15.2.9 Comments
15.3 Case 3: Thyroid Eye Disease (Diplopia and Optic Neuropathy)
15.3.1 Case Presentation
15.3.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
15.3.3 Ancillary Test
15.3.4 Formulation
15.3.5 Diagnosis
15.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
15.3.7 Management
15.3.8 Prognosis
15.3.9 Comments
15.4 Case 4: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
15.4.1 Case Presentation
15.4.2 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination
15.4.3 Ancillary Test
15.4.4 Formulation
15.4.5 Diagnosis
15.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
15.4.7 Management
15.4.8 Prognosis
15.4.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Thyroid Eye Disease (Ptosis)
Case 3: Thyroid Eye Disease (Diplopia and Optic Neuropathy)
Case 4: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
16: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis
16.1 Case 1: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis (Mimic Oculomotor Nerve Palsy)
16.1.1 Case Presentation
16.1.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
16.1.3 Ancillary Test
16.1.4 Formulation
16.1.5 Diagnosis
16.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
16.1.7 Management
16.1.8 Prognosis
16.1.9 Comments
16.2 Case 2: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis (Mimic Orbital Apex Syndrome)
16.2.1 Case Presentation
16.2.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
16.2.3 Ancillary Test
16.2.4 Formulation
16.2.5 Diagnosis
16.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
16.2.7 Management
16.2.8 Prognosis
16.2.9 Comments
16.3 Case 3: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis (Mimic Bilateral Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia)
16.3.1 Case Presentation
16.3.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
16.3.3 Ancillary Test
16.3.4 Formulation
16.3.5 Diagnosis
16.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
16.3.7 Management
16.3.8 Prognosis
16.3.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis (Mimic Oculomotor Nerve Palsy)
Case 2: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis (Mimic Orbital Apex Syndrome)
Case 3: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis (Mimic Bilateral Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia)
17: Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
17.1 Case 1: Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Due to Cavernous Fistula
17.1.1 Case Presentation
17.1.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.1.3 Ancillary Test
17.1.4 Formulation
17.1.5 Diagnosis
17.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.1.7 Management
17.1.8 Prognosis
17.1.9 Comments
17.2 Case 2: Schwannoma
17.2.1 Case Presentation
17.2.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.2.3 Ancillary Test
17.2.4 Formulation
17.2.5 Diagnosis
17.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.2.7 Management
17.2.8 Prognosis
17.2.9 Comments
17.3 Case 3: Neurofibromatosis 2
17.3.1 Case Presentation
17.3.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.3.3 Ancillary Test
17.3.4 Formulation
17.3.5 Diagnosis
17.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.3.7 Management
17.3.8 Prognosis
17.3.9 Comments
17.4 Case 4: Meningioma
17.4.1 Case Presentation
17.4.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.4.3 Ancillary Test
17.4.4 Formulation
17.4.5 Diagnosis
17.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.4.7 Management
17.4.8 Prognosis
17.4.9 Comments
17.5 Case 5: Inflammatory
17.5.1 Case Presentation
17.5.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.5.3 Ancillary Test
17.5.4 Formulation
17.5.5 Diagnosis
17.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.5.7 Management
17.5.8 Prognosis
17.5.9 Comments
17.6 Case 6: Syphilis Infectious
17.6.1 Case Presentation
17.6.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.6.3 Ancillary Test
17.6.4 Formulation
17.6.5 Diagnosis
17.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.6.7 Management
17.6.8 Prognosis
17.6.9 Comments
17.7 Case 7: Iatrogenic
17.7.1 Case Presentation
17.7.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.7.3 Ancillary Test
17.7.4 Formulation
17.7.5 Diagnosis
17.7.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.7.7 Management
17.7.8 Prognosis
17.7.9 Comments
17.8 Case 8: Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegia Neuropathy
17.8.1 Case Presentation
17.8.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.8.3 Ancillary Test
17.8.4 Formulation
17.8.5 Diagnosis
17.8.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.8.7 Management
17.8.8 Prognosis
17.8.9 Comments
17.9 Case 9: Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegia Neuropathy and Schwannoma
17.9.1 Case Presentation
17.9.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.9.3 Ancillary Test
17.9.4 Formulation
17.9.5 Diagnosis
17.9.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.9.7 Management
17.9.8 Prognosis
17.9.9 Comments
17.10 Case 10: Weber Syndrome
17.10.1 Case Presentation
17.10.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.10.3 Ancillary Test
17.10.4 Formulation
17.10.5 Diagnosis
17.10.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.10.7 Management
17.10.8 Prognosis
17.10.9 Comments
17.11 Case 11: Claude Syndrome
17.11.1 Case Presentation
17.11.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.11.3 Ancillary Test
17.11.4 Formulation
17.11.5 Diagnosis
17.11.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.11.7 Management
17.11.8 Prognosis
17.11.9 Comments
17.12 Case 12: Nucleus Lesion
17.12.1 Case Presentation
17.12.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.12.3 Ancillary Test
17.12.4 Formulation
17.12.5 Diagnosis
17.12.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.12.7 Management
17.12.8 Prognosis
17.12.9 Comments
17.13 Case 13: Oculomotor Nerve Paresis with Cyclic Spasms
17.13.1 Case Presentation
17.13.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.13.3 Ancillary Test
17.13.4 Formulation
17.13.5 Diagnosis
17.13.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.13.7 Management
17.13.8 Prognosis
17.13.9 Comments
17.14 Case 14: Ocular Neuromyotonia
17.14.1 Case Presentation
17.14.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
17.14.3 Ancillary Test
17.14.4 Formulation
17.14.5 Diagnosis
17.14.6 Differential Diagnosis
17.14.7 Management
17.14.8 Prognosis
17.14.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Due to Cavernous Fistula
Case 2: Schwannoma
Case 3: Neurofibromatosis 2
Case 4: Meningioma
Case 5: Inflammatory
Case 6: Syphilis Infectious
Case 7: Iatrogenic
Case 8: Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegia Neuropathy
Case 9: Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegia Neuropathy and Schwannoma
Case 10: Weber Syndrome
Case 11: Claude Syndrome
Case 12: Nucleus Lesion
Case 13: Oculomotor Nerve Paresis with Cyclic Spasms
Case 14: Ocular Neuromyotonia
18: Trochlear Nerve Palsy
18.1 Case 1: Nucleus Lesion
18.1.1 Case Presentation
18.1.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
18.1.3 Ancillary Test
18.1.4 Formulation
18.1.5 Diagnosis
18.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
18.1.7 Management
18.1.8 Prognosis
18.1.9 Comments
18.2 Case 2: Superior Oblique Myokymia
18.2.1 Case Presentation
18.2.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
18.2.3 Ancillary Test
18.2.4 Formulation
18.2.5 Diagnosis
18.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
18.2.7 Management
18.2.8 Prognosis
18.2.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Nucleus Lesion
Case 2: Superior Oblique Myokymia
19: Abducens Nerve Palsy
19.1 Case 1: Lymphoma
19.1.1 Case Presentation
19.1.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
19.1.3 Ancillary Test
19.1.4 Formulation
19.1.5 Diagnosis
19.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.1.7 Management
19.1.8 Prognosis
19.1.9 Comments
19.2 Case 2: Carotid Cavernous Fistula
19.2.1 Case Presentation
19.2.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
19.2.3 Ancillary Test
19.2.4 Formulation
19.2.5 Diagnosis
19.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.2.7 Management
19.2.8 Prognosis
19.2.9 Comments
19.3 Case 3: Meningioma
19.3.1 Case Presentation
19.3.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
19.3.3 Ancillary Test
19.3.4 Formulation
19.3.5 Diagnosis
19.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.3.7 Management
19.3.8 Prognosis
19.3.9 Comments
19.4 Case 4: Duane Syndrome
19.4.1 Case Presentation
19.4.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
19.4.3 Ancillary Test
19.4.4 Formulation
19.4.5 Diagnosis
19.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.4.7 Management
19.4.8 Prognosis
19.4.9 Comments
19.5 Case 5: Brain Stem Encephalitis
19.5.1 Case Presentation
19.5.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
19.5.3 Ancillary Test
19.5.4 Formulation
19.5.5 Diagnosis
19.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.5.7 Management
19.5.8 Prognosis
19.5.9 Comments
19.6 Case 6: Ocular Neuromyotonia
19.6.1 Case Presentation
19.6.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
19.6.3 Ancillary Test
19.6.4 Formulation
19.6.5 Diagnosis
19.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
19.6.7 Management
19.6.8 Prognosis
19.6.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Lymphoma
Case 2: Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Case 3: Meningioma
Case 4: Duane Syndrome
Case 5: Brain Stem Encephalitis
Case 6: Ocular Neuromyotonia
20: Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsy
20.1 Case 1: Meningioma
20.1.1 Case Presentation
20.1.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
20.1.3 Ancillary Test
20.1.4 Formulation
20.1.5 Diagnosis
20.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
20.1.7 Management
20.1.8 Prognosis
20.1.9 Comments
20.2 Case 2: Lymphoma
20.2.1 Case Presentation
20.2.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
20.2.3 Ancillary Test
20.2.4 Formulation
20.2.5 Diagnosis
20.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
20.2.7 Management
20.2.8 Prognosis
20.2.9 Comments
20.3 Case 3: Glioma
20.3.1 Case Presentation
20.3.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
20.3.3 Ancillary Test
20.3.4 Formulation
20.3.5 Diagnosis
20.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
20.3.7 Management
20.3.8 Prognosis
20.3.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Meningioma
Case 2: Lymphoma
Case 3: Glioma
21: Nystagmus
21.1 Case 1: Chiari Malformation (Downbeat Nystagmus)
21.1.1 Case Presentation
21.1.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
21.1.3 Ancillary Test
21.1.4 Formulation
21.1.5 Diagnosis
21.1.6 Differential Diagnosis
21.1.7 Management
21.1.8 Prognosis
21.1.9 Comments
21.2 Case 2: Midbrain Infarction (Seesaw Nystagmus)
21.2.1 Case Presentation
21.2.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
21.2.3 Ancillary Test
21.2.4 Formulation
21.2.5 Diagnosis
21.2.6 Differential Diagnosis
21.2.7 Management
21.2.8 Prognosis
21.2.9 Comments
21.3 Case 3: Brainstem Hemangioma (Oculopalatal Myoclonus)
21.3.1 Case Presentation
21.3.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
21.3.3 Ancillary Test
21.3.4 Formulation
21.3.5 Diagnosis
21.3.6 Differential Diagnosis
21.3.7 Management
21.3.8 Prognosis
21.3.9 Comments
21.4 Case 4: Lymphoma (Convergence Retraction Nystagmus)
21.4.1 Case Presentation
21.4.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
21.4.3 Ancillary Test
21.4.4 Formulation
21.4.5 Diagnosis
21.4.6 Differential Diagnosis
21.4.7 Management
21.4.8 Prognosis
21.4.9 Comments
21.5 Case 5: Demyelination (Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia)
21.5.1 Case Presentation
21.5.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
21.5.3 Ancillary Test
21.5.4 Formulation
21.5.5 Diagnosis
21.5.6 Differential Diagnosis
21.5.7 Management
21.5.8 Prognosis
21.5.9 Comments
21.6 Case 6: Medulla Infarction (Upbeat Nystagmus)
21.6.1 Case Presentation
21.6.2 Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination
21.6.3 Ancillary Test
21.6.4 Formulation
21.6.5 Diagnosis
21.6.6 Differential Diagnosis
21.6.7 Management
21.6.8 Prognosis
21.6.9 Comments
References
Case 1: Chiari Malformation (Downbeat Nystagmus)
Case 2. Midbrain Infarction (Seesaw Nystagmus)
Case 3. Brainstem Hemangioma (Oculopalatal Myoclonus)
Case 4. Lymphoma (Convergence Retraction Nystagmus)
Case 5. Demyelination (Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia)
Case 6. Medulla Infarction (Upbeat Nystagmus)