This book focuses on the different compounds (polyphenols, sterols, alkaloids terpenes) that arise from the secondary metabolism of plants and fungi and their importance for research and industry. These compounds have been the backbone and inspiration of various industries like the food, pharmaceutical and others to produce synthetic counterparts. Furthermore, many of these compounds are still widely used to carry out specific functions in all these industries. This book offers a compilation of different texts from world leading scientists in the areas of chemistry, biochemistry, plant science, biotechnology which compile information on each group of secondary metabolism compounds, and their most important applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industry. By showcasing the best uses of these compounds, the chemistry behind their production in plants and fungi, this book is a valuable resource and a "go to" artifact for various audiences. The new approach this book offers, by linking research and the application of these compounds, makes it interesting as an inspiration for new research or as a hallmark of what has been done in the secondary metabolism of plants and fungi in recent years. Although this book may be technical, it is also enjoyable as an integral reading experience due to a structured and integrated flow, from the origins of secondary metabolism in organisms, to the discovery of their effects, their high intensity research in recent years and translation into various industries. Beyond learning more on their chemistry, synthesis, metabolic pathway, readers will understand their importance to different research and industry.
Author(s): Márcio Carocho, Sandrina A. Heleno, Lillian Barros
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 959
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Part I: History of Secondary Metabolites
Chapter 1: History of Secondary Metabolites: From Ancient Myths to Modern Scientific Validation
References
Part II: Plant Secondary Metabolites
Chapter 2: Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolism in Plants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Shared Pathways: An Example from Waxes
2.3 Patchy Distribution
2.4 The Flexibility of Biosynthetic Pathways
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Phenolic Acids and Derivatives: Description, Sources, Properties, and Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Description
3.2.1 Hydroxybenzoic Acids
3.2.2 Hydroxycinnamic Acids
3.3 Biosynthesis
3.4 Phenolic Acids in Food
3.4.1 Occurrence
3.4.2 Dietary Intake
3.4.3 Influence on Sensory Properties
3.4.4 Effect of Processing and Storage on Phenolic Acids
3.5 Biotechnological Production
3.5.1 Preparation from Natural Sources
3.5.2 Plant Genome Engineering
3.5.3 Engineered Microorganisms for Phenolic Acid Production
3.6 Concluding Remarks and Prospects
References
Chapter 4: Flavonoids
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Flavonoids Sources: From Plants to Foods and Their By-Products
4.2.1 Flavonols
4.2.2 Flavanols
4.2.3 Flavones
4.2.4 Flavanones
4.2.5 Isoflavones
4.2.6 Anthocyanins
4.3 Biological Functions and Health Benefits of Flavonoids Through Science to Industry Application
4.3.1 Antioxidant Activity
4.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
4.3.2.1 Antibacterial Activity
4.3.2.2 Antifungal Activity
4.3.2.3 Antiviral Activity
4.3.3 Health Benefits
4.3.3.1 Cardioprotective Effects
4.3.3.2 Antidiabetic Activity
4.3.4 Flavonoids as Colourant
4.3.5 Flavonoids on Cosmetic
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Terpenes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Terpenes
5.2.1 Classification
5.2.2 Biosynthesis
5.3 Extraction Technologies
5.3.1 Conventional Extraction Methods for Low Molecular Weight (LMW) Terpenes
5.3.1.1 Steam Distillation
5.3.1.2 Hydrodistillation
5.3.1.3 Enfleurage method
5.3.2 Conventional Extraction Methods for High Molecular Weight (HMW) Terpenes
5.3.2.1 Cold Press Extraction
5.3.2.2 Maceration, Heat-Assisted Extraction, and Soxhlet Extraction
5.3.3 Novel Non-Conventional Extraction Technologies
5.3.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
5.3.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
5.3.3.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
5.3.3.4 Enzymatic-Assisted Extraction
5.3.3.5 Micelle-Mediated Extraction
5.3.4 Separation of Terpenes
5.3.5 Identification and Quantification Techniques
5.4 Pharmacological Activities
5.4.1 Monoterpenes with Relevant Pharmacological Activities
5.4.2 Sesquiterpenes with Relevant Pharmacological Activities
5.4.3 Diterpenes with Relevant Pharmacological Activities
5.4.4 Triterpenes with Relevant Pharmacological Activities
5.5 Terpene Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
5.5.1 Application
5.5.2 Challenges and Future Perspectives in the Terpenes Industry
References
Chapter 6: Plant Alkaloids: Production, Extraction, and Potential Therapeutic Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Production of Plant Alkaloids
6.2.1 Systems of Production
6.2.2 Extraction, Purification, and Isolation of Plant Alkaloids
6.3 Currently Marketed Plant Alkaloids
6.3.1 Pyridine Group
6.3.2 Tropane Group
6.3.3 Isoquinoline
6.3.4 Phenanthrene Group
6.3.5 Phenylethylamine Group
6.3.6 Indole Group
6.3.7 Purine Group
6.3.8 Imidazole Group
6.3.9 Terpenoid Group
6.4 Biological Activities
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Polyketides
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Plant Polyketides as Secondary Metabolites
7.2.1 Outlines of Plant Secondary Metabolites Synthesis
7.2.2 Biosynthesis Pattern and Molecular Diversity of Polyketides
7.2.2.1 The Enzymology of Polyketide Synthases
7.2.2.1.1 Type I Polyketide Synthase
7.2.2.1.2 Type II Polyketide Synthases
7.2.2.1.3 Microbial Type III Polyketide Synthase
7.2.2.1.4 Plant Type III Polyketide Synthase (PPKS III)
7.2.2.2 Insights of the Plant-PKS III Reactional Mechanistic Aspect
7.2.2.2.1 Global Mechanism/Specificity of Plant-PKs Biogenesis Reactions
7.2.2.2.2 Plant-PKS III Classification: Structure/Function/Mechanistic/Derivative´s Products
CHS-Type Plant Polyketide Synthase´s Superfamily
STS-Type Plant Polyketide Synthase´s Superfamily
CTAS-Type Enzymes (Lactonization, Heterocyclic)
Type III PKS Polyketide´s Non-Cyclization
7.3 Biological Activities of Plant PK and Derivatives
7.4 PK-Derived Products from Bioengineering to Industrial Applications
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Plant Tocopherols and Phytosterols and Their Bioactive Properties
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biosynthesis and Physiological Role in Plants
8.3 Tocopherols and Phytosterol Content in Plants
8.4 Tocopherols and Phytosterols Health Effects
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Anthra-, Benzo-, and Naphthoquinones
9.1 Quinones: A Current Literature Quantitative Research Analysis
9.2 Beyond the Chemistry: Anthra-, Benzo-, and Naphthoquinones
9.3 Occurrence: Anthra-, Benzo-, and Naphthoquinones
9.4 Biological Properties and Potential Nutraceuticals/Pharmaceutical Applications: Anthra-, Benzo-, and Naphthoquinones
References
Chapter 10: Non-Alkaloid Nitrogen Containing Compounds
10.1 Non-Protein Amino Acids
10.1.1 Structure and Biosynthesis
10.1.2 Presence and Function in Plants
10.1.3 Bioactivity
10.1.4 Extraction, Purification, and Stability
10.1.5 Applications
10.2 Cyanogenic Glycosides Compounds
10.2.1 Structure and Biosynthesis
10.2.2 Presence and Function in Plants
10.2.3 Extraction, Purification, and Stability
10.2.4 Bioactivity
10.2.5 Applications
10.3 Glucosinolates
10.3.1 Structure, Localization, and Function
10.3.2 Presence and Function in Plants
10.3.3 Extraction, Purification, and Stability
10.3.4 Bioactivity
10.3.5 Applications
10.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Sulfur-Containing Compounds from Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sulfur Assimilation by Plants: Biosynthesis of S-containing Compounds
11.3 S-containing Amino Acid Occurrence and Functional Diversity
11.3.1 Essential Amino Acids
11.3.2 Non-essential Amino Acids
11.4 Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products: Occurrence and Diversity
11.4.1 Glucosinolates (GSLs)
11.4.2 Glucosinolates Hydrolysis Products (GHPs)
11.4.3 Occurrence and Variability
11.5 Other S-containing Metabolites
11.5.1 Phytoalexins
11.5.2 Cysteine Sulfoxides
11.6 Biological Activities and Potential Applications of S-containing Metabolites
11.6.1 Anticancer Activity
11.6.2 Neurodegenerative Prevention
11.6.3 Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Capacity
11.6.4 Glucose and Lipid Regulation in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disorders
11.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: Influence of Genetics on the Secondary Metabolites of Plants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Influence of Genetics on Secondary Metabolites
12.2.1 Withania Species (Solanaceae)
12.2.2 Artemisia (Asteraceae)
12.2.3 Ocimum (Lamiaceae)
12.2.4 Mentha Species
12.2.5 Geranium sp.
12.2.5.1 Molecular Markers in Association to Secondary Metabolism
12.3 Status of Polyploidy and Its Impact on Secondary Metabolites
12.4 Conclusion
References
Part III: Fungi Secondary Metabolites
Chapter 13: Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolism of Fungi
13.1 Fungal Secondary Metabolites: An Overview
13.2 Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites in Fungi
13.2.1 Polyketides
13.2.1.1 Non-reducing Polyketides
13.2.1.2 Partially Reducing Polyketides
13.2.1.3 Highly Reducing Polyketides
13.2.2 Non-ribosomal Peptides
13.2.3 Terpenoids/Terpenes
13.2.3.1 Carotenoids
13.2.3.2 Sesterterpenoids
13.2.3.2.1 Tricarbocyclic Sesterterpenoids (5/8/5-Membered Ring System)
13.2.3.2.2 Tetracarbocyclic Sesterterpenoid (7/6/6/5-Membered Ring System and 5/8/6/6-Membered Ring System)
13.2.3.2.3 Pentacarbocyclic Sesterterpenoids (5/7/3/6/5-Membered Ring System; 5/3/7/6/5 and 5/4/7/6/5-Membered Ring)
13.2.3.2.4 Hexacarbocyclic Sesterterpenoids (5/5/5/5/3/5-Membered Ring Systems)
13.2.3.3 Meroterpenoids and Isoprenoids
13.2.4 Indole Alkaloids
13.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Phenolic Acids from Fungi
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mushrooms As a Source of Bioactive Compounds
14.2.1 Phenolic Acids
14.2.1.1 Bioactive Properties Related with Mushrooms Phenolic Acids
14.3 Biodynamic Food Products Designed Through Mushrooms Incorporation
14.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Terpenes from Fungi
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fungi
15.2.1 Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)
15.2.2 Zygomycota (Conjugated Fungi)
15.2.3 Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
15.2.4 Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)
15.2.5 Glomeromycota
15.3 Terpenes
15.3.1 Terpenes in Fungi
15.3.1.1 Monoterpenoids (C10)
15.3.1.2 Sesquiterpenoids (C15)
15.3.1.2.1 Drimane-Type Sesquiterpenoids
15.3.1.2.2 Guaiane-Type Sesquiterpenoids
15.3.1.2.3 Tremulanes-Type Sesquiterpenoids
15.3.1.2.4 Bisabolane-Type Sesquiterpenoids
15.3.1.2.5 Trichothecenes-Type Sesquiterpenoids
15.3.1.2.6 Triquinane-Type Sesquiterpenoids
15.3.1.2.7 Botryane-Type Sesquiterpenoids
15.3.1.3 Diterpenoids (C20)
15.3.1.3.1 Fusicoccane Diterpenoids
15.3.1.4 Sesterterpenoids (C25)
15.3.1.5 Triterpenoids (C30)
15.3.1.5.1 Meroterpenoids
15.3.1.5.2 Andrastin-Type Meroterpenoids
15.4 Collection, Fermentation, and Extraction
15.5 Biological Properties of Terpenes Present in Fungus
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Alkaloids from Fungi
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Indoles
16.2.1 Psilocybin
16.2.1.1 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
16.2.1.2 Analytical Methods
16.2.1.3 The Biomedical Role of Psilocybin
16.3 Isoxazoles
16.3.1 Ibotenic acid and Muscimol
16.3.1.1 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
16.3.1.2 Analytical Methods
16.3.1.3 The Biomedical Role of Isoxazoles
16.4 Muscarine
16.4.1 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
16.4.2 Analytical Methods
16.4.3 The Biomedical Role of Muscarine
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Polyketides from Fungi
17.1 Historical Overview of the Discovery of Fungal Polyketides
17.2 Polyketides from Fungi: A Chemical Perspective
17.2.1 Aromatic Polyketides
17.2.2 Polyketides by Enzymatic Diels-Alder Reactions
17.2.3 Macrolides and Polyesters
17.3 Routes of Synthesis of Polyketides Derived from Fungi
17.3.1 Fungal Polyketide Biosynthesis: The Most Recent Insights
17.3.1.1 Enhancing the Biosynthesis of Fungal Polyketides
17.3.2 Synthetic Preparation of Polyketides and Derivatives
17.4 Overview of Fungi Polyketides as Lead Compounds for Biotechnological Applications
17.4.1 Antimicrobial
17.4.1.1 Antibacterial
17.4.1.2 Antifungal
17.4.1.3 Antivirals
17.4.2 Antiparasitic
17.4.3 Antidiabetic/Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic
17.4.4 Anti-Inflammatory and Immunosuppressant
17.4.5 Neuroprotective
17.4.6 Anticancer
17.4.7 Other Biotechnological Uses of Polyketides
17.5 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 18: Fungal Quinones: Benzo-, Naphtho-, and Anthraquinones
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Definition, Chemical Aspects, and Origin
18.1.2 Ecological and Biological Significance
18.1.3 Industrial and Pharmaceutical Applications
18.2 Benzoquinones
18.3 Naphthoquinones
18.4 Anthraquinones
18.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 19: Non-Alkaloid Nitrogen-Containing Compounds from Fungi
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Non-alkaloid N-biomolecules in Fungi
19.2.1 Basidiomycota
19.2.2 Ascomycota
19.2.3 Zygomycota
19.2.4 Oomycota
19.2.5 Deuteromycota
19.2.6 Microsporidiomycota
19.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Sulfur-Containing Compounds from Fungi
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Commonly Known Sulfur-Containing Compounds
20.3 Edible Mushrooms as Source of Sulfur-Containing Compounds
20.4 Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Compounds
20.5 Extraction and Analytical Methods for Sulfur-Containing Compounds Analysis
20.6 Bioactive Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Sulfur-Containing Compounds
20.6.1 Ergothioneine (EGT)
20.6.1.1 Antioxidant Activity
20.6.1.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
20.6.1.3 Antiviral Activity
20.6.1.4 Anti-neurodegenerative Activity
20.6.1.5 Antidepressant Activity
20.6.2 Glutathione (GSH)
20.6.2.1 Antioxidant and Anti-neurodegenerative Activities
20.6.2.2 Liver Diseases
20.6.2.3 Anti-diabetic Activity
20.6.3 Lenthionine (LT)
20.6.3.1 Antiplatelet Activity
20.6.3.2 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities
20.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Mycosterols
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Sterol Biosynthesis
21.3 Main Mycosterols
21.4 Bioactive Properties of Mycosterols
21.4.1 Agaricus bisporus Mycosterols
21.4.2 Lentinula edodes Mycosterols
21.4.3 Pleurotus spp. Mycosterols
21.4.4 Ganoderma lucidum Mycosterols
21.4.5 Hericium erinaceum Mycosterols
21.5 Potential of Mycosterols in Foods
21.6 Challenges for Obtaining Mycosterols on Large Scale
21.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 22: Influence of Genetics on the Secondary Metabolism of Fungi
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Strategies to Activate Silent Gene Clusters
22.2.1 One Strain MAny Compounds (OSMAC)
22.2.2 Microbial Co-cultivation
22.2.3 Epigenetic Modulation
22.3 Natural Products from Fungi Against Neglected Diseases
22.3.1 Chagas Disease
22.3.2 Leishmaniasis
22.4 Application of Secondary Fungal Metabolites in Agriculture
22.5 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Food Industry
Chapter 23: Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Food Industry
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Secondary Metabolites Categories
23.3 Food Industry Applications of Secondary Metabolites
23.3.1 Polyphenols
23.3.2 Terpenes
23.3.3 Alkaloids
23.3.4 Glucosinolates
23.4 Conclusions and Future Remarks
References
Chapter 24: Applications of Fungi Secondary Metabolites in the Food Industry
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Fungi Historically Employed in Food Manufacture
24.3 Fungal Secondary Metabolites in the Food Industry
24.3.1 Volatile Natural Products
24.3.1.1 VOCs in Industrial Food Products
24.3.1.2 Indirect Food Benefits of Fungal VOCs
24.3.1.3 Industrial Production of Fungal VOCs
24.3.2 Pigments
24.3.2.1 Carotenoids
24.3.2.2 Other Pigments
24.3.3 Essential Fatty Acids
24.3.4 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites
24.4 Fungal Metabolites Toward the Food Industry
24.5 Evolution of Techniques Used for Obtaining Fungal Secondary Metabolites
24.5.1 Genetic Tools
24.5.2 Spectroscopical and Chromatographic Analysis of Fungal Metabolites
24.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Part V: Pharmaceutical Industry
Chapter 25: New Trends from Plant Secondary Metabolism in the Pharmaceutical Industry
25.1 Phenolic Compounds
25.1.1 Overview into the Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds
25.1.1.1 Phenolic Acids
25.1.1.2 Flavonoids
25.1.2 Distribution of Phenolic Compounds
25.1.2.1 Phenolic Acids
25.1.2.2 Flavonoids
25.1.3 Structure-Activity Relationship of Phenolic Compounds
25.1.3.1 Phenolic Acids
25.1.3.2 Flavonoids
25.1.4 Bioactivity of Phenolic Compounds: Commercial Bioactives and Disease Targets
25.2 Terpenes and Terpenoids
25.2.1 Biosynthesis
25.2.2 Natural Sources and (Bio)chemical Synthesis
25.2.3 Structure-Activity Relationship
25.2.4 Active Principles/Target Diseases
25.3 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
25.3.1 Alkaloids
25.3.2 Cyanogenic Glucosides
25.3.3 Non-protein Amino Acids
25.4 Sulphur-Containing Compounds
25.4.1 Phytoalexins
25.4.2 Defensins
25.4.3 Glucosinolates
25.4.4 Isothiocyanates
25.4.5 Cysteine Sulfoxides
25.4.6 Natural Sources and Chemical Synthesis
25.4.7 Structure-Activity Relationships
25.4.8 Pharmacological Applications. Active Principle and Targeted Diseases
References
Chapter 26: New Trends from Fungi Secondary Metabolism in the Pharmaceutical Industry
26.1 Fungi as Sources of Secondary Metabolites
26.1.1 Mushrooms Pharmaceutical Applications
26.1.2 Commercial Pharmaceutical Mushroom-Based Products
26.2 Fungi Secondary Metabolite Families
26.2.1 Non-ribosomal Peptides
26.2.2 Polyketides (PKs)
26.2.3 PKs-NRPs Hybrids
26.2.4 Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-translationally Modified Peptides (RiPPs)
26.2.5 Terpenes
26.2.6 Alkaloids
26.3 Secondary Metabolites from Marine Fungi
26.4 Fungi as a Source of Natural Pigments
26.5 Characterization of Fungi Secondary Metabolites
26.6 Conclusion
References
Part VI: Other Industries
Chapter 27: Cosmetic Industry: Natural Secondary Metabolites for Beauty and Aging
27.1 Skin Aging and Natural Products
27.2 Secondary Metabolites from Natural Products and Biological Activity for Cosmetics Development
27.2.1 Plants
27.2.1.1 Polyphenols
27.2.1.1.1 Stilbenes
27.2.1.1.2 Flavonoids
27.2.1.1.3 Hydroxycinnamic Acids
27.2.1.2 Essential Oils as a Source of Terpenes and Terpenoids
27.2.1.2.1 Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
27.2.1.2.2 Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don fil
27.2.1.2.3 Rosmarinus officinalis L.
27.2.1.2.4 Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
27.2.1.2.5 Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel
27.2.1.2.6 Mentha x piperita L.
27.2.1.2.7 Rosa damascena mill L.
27.2.1.3 Alkaloids
27.2.2 Macroalgae
27.2.2.1 Polyphenols
27.2.2.2 Terpenoids
27.2.2.3 Lipids and Fatty Acids
27.2.2.4 Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids
27.2.3 Microalgae
27.2.3.1 Polyphenols
27.2.3.2 Terpenoids
27.2.3.3 Alkenoates and Alkenones
27.2.3.4 Polysaccharides
27.3 New Trends in Natural Skincare
27.3.1 Nanotechnology
27.3.2 Nutricosmetics
27.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 28: Biodyes: A Sustainable Approach for Textile Dyeing
28.1 Dyeing Process
28.2 Natural Dyeing
28.2.1 Historic Perspective of Natural Dyeing
28.2.2 Classification of Natural Dyes
28.2.3 Pros and Cons of Natural Dyes
28.2.4 Development of the Dyeing Process with Natural Dyes
28.2.4.1 Extraction
28.2.4.2 Pre-treatment
28.2.4.3 Mordanting
28.2.4.4 Dyeing
28.3 Secondary Metabolites and Biocolouration
28.4 Bicolouration with Plant Extract
28.4.1 Reseda Luteola
28.5 Future Prospects
References
Part VII: Future of Secondary Metabolites
Chapter 29: New Challenges and Opportunities from Secondary Metabolites
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Replacement of Synthetic Additives by Natural Ones
29.2.1 Safety of Food Additives
29.2.2 Food Enrichment
29.2.2.1 Essential Oils
29.2.2.2 Microalgae and Cyanobacterial Biotechnology: Food Application
29.2.2.3 Endophytic Fungi
29.3 Extraction Techniques
29.3.1 Benefits of Using Green Solvent Techniques
29.3.1.1 Green Solvents
29.3.1.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)
29.3.2 Impacts of Green Chemistry
29.3.2.1 Pharmaceutical Analysis
29.3.3 Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Produced in Plant Cultures
29.4 Opportunities
29.4.1 Synergistic Effects
29.4.2 Use of By-Products and Biowaste
29.5 Main Challenges for Secondary Metabolites
29.5.1 Domestication of Wild Species
29.5.2 Stability
29.6 Legislation for Legal Use of Secondary Metabolites in Different Industries
29.6.1 Food Ingredients, Food Supplements, and Food Additives
29.6.2 Pharmaceuticals
29.6.3 Cosmetic Ingredients
29.7 Feasibility of SM Production in Plants and Fungi at an Industrial Level
29.7.1 SM Obtained from Plants
29.7.2 Elicitation
29.7.2.1 In Vitro Culture for SMs Production
29.7.3 SM Obtained from Fungi
29.8 Conclusion
References
