Natural Resources and Divergence: A Comparison of Andean and Nordic Trajectories

Acknowledgements
Praise for Natural Resources and Divergence
Prologue
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
References
2 Globalization and Natural Resource Abundance: Is Export Diversification Possible? A Comparison of Export Composition in Chile and Norway, 1870–2017
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Chile and Norway in the Long Run
4 Chilean and Norwegian Exports in the SITC Classification
5 The Technological Content of Chilean and Norwegian Exports
6 Higher Precision to Understand Complexity Differences in Chile and Norway from the 1990s
7 Conclusions
Bibliography
3 Copper Prices and Heterogeneity: The Chilean and Norwegian Cases, 1850–1913
1 Introduction
2 Global Copper in International Markets
3 International Prices for Copper
4 A New Price for Chilean Copper
5 A New Price for Norwegian Copper
6 Conclusions
Bibliography
4 Successes and Failures of the “Modern Rebellion” in an Export Economy: The Case of the Peruvian Mining in the Twentieth Century
1 Introduction
2 The Formation of an Export Economy
3 Export Cycles in the Twentieth Century
4 Mining Exports
4.1 Mining Modernisation at the Start of the Twentieth Century
4.2 Mining Between the Great Depression and Nationalisation 1930–1970
5 The “Modern Rebellion”
6 Reflections on the Impact of Mining on the Economy as a Whole
References
5 The “Fiscal Contract” in Andean and Nordic Countries, 1850–2010
1 Introduction
2 The Collection of Public Revenues, 1850–2010
3 The Transition from Ancien Régime to Liberal Taxes
4 The Rise and Decline of Trade Taxes
5 Modern Direct Taxation and Fiscal Citizenship
6 From Particularistic to General Consumption Taxes
7 Conclusions
References
6 Population, Biological Welfare and Human Capital in Norway, Sweden, Bolivia, Chile and Peru During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
1 Introduction
2 Population: General Trends
3 Infant Mortality, Life Expectancy and Height
4 Human Capital: Schooling, Literacy and Numeracy
5 Conclusions
References
7 Engineers and the Knowledge Gap Between Andean and Nordic Countries, 1850–1939
1 Introduction
2 Literacy and Basic Education
3 The Innovative Potential: Engineering Faculties
4 The Innovative Potential: Engineering Graduates
5 Effective Innovation: Patents Systems and Patents Granted
6 The Innovative Capacity: The Stock of Mining Engineers
7 The Innovative Capacity: The Role of Indigenous Engineers in Their Economies
8 Conclusions
Appendix: Foundation of Mining and Engineering Schools from 1700 to 1910
References
8 Oil and Industry in Norway and Brazil
1 Introduction
2 The Pioneering Years
3 Large Areas Are Advertised
4 Poor Explorers or Poor Concessions?
5 Building Local Industrial Capacity
6 The Crises
7 Local Content
8 Rent Seeking
9 Lessons?
References
9 Weak Sustainability Trends in the Andean and Nordic Countries: A Historical Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Methods and Data
3 Genuine Savings as an Alternative Measure of Development
4 Estimating the Long Run Sustainability Trends of Andean and Nordic Countries: The Case of Chile and Sweden
4.1 Chile
4.2 Sweden
4.3 Comparative View
5 A Week Sustainability Analysis for Andean and Nordic Countries
6 Conclusions and Further Research
References
10 Different Drivers Behind Corporate Environmental Policies: The Case of the Swedish and Chilean Copper Industry
1 Introduction
2 The Copper Industry in Sweden and Chile in Context: A Brief Historical Background
3 Copper Production and Environmental Consequences
4 The Greening of Copper: Environmental Regulation and Industry Responses
4.1 Greening from the 1960s–1990s
4.2 1990s—Globalisation and the Greening of the Chilean Copper Industry
5 Concluding Remarks
References
11 Conclusions
1 Exports and Diversification
2 National Firms, Human Capital and the State
3 Linking the Past with the Future: New Development Indicators and Sustainability
4 History Matters. an Agenda for Research on Natural Resources and Development
References
Index