Natural Gas Energy Measurement

BOOK COVER......Page 1
TITLE......Page 2
COPYRIGHT......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 6
Natural Gas Energy Measurement I......Page 10
GAS MEASUREMENT—THE NEED AND THE REALITY......Page 11
INTRODUCTION......Page 16
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR......Page 17
RELATIVE DENSITY......Page 18
HEATING VALUE......Page 19
COSTING NATURAL GAS......Page 20
CONCLUSIONS......Page 21
INTRODUCTION......Page 23
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES......Page 24
REFERENCES CITED......Page 28
EFFECT OF C6+ HYDROCARBONS ON DEWPOINTS AND HEATING VALUES......Page 30
EFFECT OF WATER VAPOR ON HEATING VALUE......Page 36
References......Page 40
INTRODUCTION......Page 41
EXPERIMENTAL......Page 42
CONCLUSIONS......Page 47
KEY WORDS......Page 48
INTRODUCTION......Page 49
GC Calibration Standard......Page 54
Calorific Standards......Page 55
INTRODUCTION......Page 56
CONCLUSION......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 63
INTRODUCTION......Page 65
WHAT IS A CALIBRATION GAS......Page 66
TYPES OF CALIBRATION GASES......Page 68
NBS TRACEABILITY OF CALIBRATION GASES......Page 70
CONCLUSION......Page 71
COMPOSITE SAMPLING OF NATURAL GAS......Page 80
ENERGY MEASUREMENT WITH AN ON-LINE GC......Page 87
INTRODUCTION......Page 94
TEST EQUIPMENT......Page 95
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 98
CONCLUSIONS......Page 101
INTRODUCTION......Page 102
TESTING PROGRAM......Page 103
TESTS RESULTS......Page 105
CONCLUSIONS......Page 109
ELECTRONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT FOR CUSTODY TRANSFER......Page 130
DISADVANTAGES......Page 132
1.0.1 THE MICROCOMPUTER......Page 133
1.0.5 PRINTERS AND HAND-HELD (CONSOLE)TERMINAL......Page 134
2.0.1 SYSTEM STARTUP......Page 135
2.0.2 GAS CHROMATOGRAPH......Page 136
2.0.4 FLOW CALCULATIONS......Page 137
2.0.5 CONTROL ROUTINES......Page 138
2.0.8 COMMUNICATIONS and PARTNER HANDOFF......Page 139
APPENDIX B......Page 140
APPENDIX E FUNCTION DEFINITIONS......Page 141
REAL TIME ENERGY MEASUREMENT......Page 144
ENERGY MEASUREMENT ACCURACY......Page 149
Natural Gas Energy Measurement II......Page 151
INTRODUCTION......Page 152
CALCULATION FROM COMPOSITION......Page 153
CORRECTION FOR WET OR SATURATED GAS......Page 154
HEATING VALUES OF THE COMPONENTS......Page 155
CONCLUSIONS......Page 156
REFERENCES CITED......Page 157
GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT: CALIBRATION FACILITIES AND FLUID METERING TRACEABILITY AT THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS......Page 158
INTRODUCTION......Page 159
APPENDIX 1—GLOSSARY OF TERMS......Page 172
APPENDIX 2—TANDEM METER STATISTICS......Page 174
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 175
REFERENCES CITED......Page 176
CROSS REFERENCE SERVICE OF NATURAL GAS STANDARDS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 177
DESCRIPTION......Page 186
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS......Page 187
SOFTWARE PACKAGE......Page 188
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 189
INTRODUCTION......Page 192
DISCUSSION......Page 193
CONCLUSIONS......Page 198
REFERENCES......Page 199
THE SMART-CAL CUTLER HAMMER CALORIMETER COMBINATION FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE AND DATA PROCESSING......Page 203
INTRODUCTION......Page 206
THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES......Page 207
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND RESULTS......Page 209
VERIFICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE......Page 219
REFERENCES......Page 220
INTRODUCTION......Page 222
NEW PROGRAM......Page 223
THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON NATURAL GAS HEATING VALUE......Page 232
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 235
BASIC CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 236
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 239
SUMMARY......Page 241
INTRODUCTION......Page 242
EQUIPMENT FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 243
ANALYSIS DESCRIPTION......Page 244
CALIBRATION PROCEDURE AND SAMPLE ANALYSIS......Page 246
CALCULATION OF HEATING VALUE......Page 255
NATURAL GAS CORRELATION TEST RESULT BETWEEN INDONESIA AND JAPAN LABORATORIES......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 264
ENRICHED SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS MEASUREMENT......Page 266
INTRODUCTION......Page 267
THE PROBLEMS......Page 268
THE SOLUTIONS......Page 270
CONCLUSION......Page 272
INTRODUCTION......Page 279
BENEFITS......Page 280
CONCLUSION......Page 283
APPENDIX A......Page 284
APPENDIX B......Page 285
INTRODUCTION......Page 286
LINEARITY DETERMINATION......Page 287
MINIMUM DETECTABLE LIMITS OF EACH COMPONENT......Page 290
REPEATABILITY DETERMINATION......Page 291
RELIABILITY DETERMINATION......Page 292
References Cited......Page 293
PILOT INSTALLATIONS......Page 294
MODE OF OPERATION......Page 295
CONCLUSION......Page 296
INTRODUCTION......Page 297
CALORIMETRIC METHODS......Page 298
PERFORMANCE......Page 304
APPLICATION......Page 309
CONCLUSION......Page 312
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 313
LITERATURE CITED......Page 314
INTRODUCTION......Page 315
MEASUREMENT METHODS......Page 316
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 317
CONCLUSIONS......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 322
1. FRG’S MARKET FOR NATURAL GAS......Page 324
2. DIFFERENT GAS QUALITIES—APPLY AND ACCOUNT PROBLEMS......Page 326
3. FRG-TRENDS IN HANDLING OF VARYING GAS QUALITIES......Page 328
4. μP-CONTROLLED GAS SAMPLING......Page 329
5. SOME REMARKS ON GC......Page 333
REFERENCES CITED......Page 336
INTRODUCTION......Page 340
GAS DISTRIBUTION......Page 341
GAS QUALITIES......Page 342
PROCESSING OF MEASURED DATA......Page 343
HEAT VOLUME DETERMINATION......Page 345
MINIMIZATION OF MEASURING ERRORS......Page 347
SUMMARY......Page 349
REFERENCES CITED......Page 350
STATUS OF FEDERAL REGULATION OF NATURAL GAS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FIELD APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY MEASUREMENT......Page 351