Natural disasters

Machine generated contents note: Processes of Construction versus Destruction --
Terms to Remember --
Great Natural Disasters --
Human Fatalities and Economic Losses in Natural Disasters --
The Role of Government in Natural-Disaster Death Totals --
Human Responses to Disaster --
Economic Losses From Natural Disasters --
Natural Hazards --
Popocatepétl Volcano, Mexico --
Magnitude, Frequency, and Return Period --
Role of Population Growth --
Overview of Human Population --
The Power of an Exponent on Growth --
The Past 10,000 Years of Human History --
The Human Population Today --
Side Note: Interest Paid on Money: An Example of Exponential Growth --
Future World Population --
Demographic Transition --
Urbanization and Earthquake Fatalities --
Side Note: A Classic Disaster: Influenza (FLU) Pandemic of 1918 --
Disease Pandemics --
Carrying Capacity --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Origin of the Sun and Planets --
Impact Origin of the Moon --
Earth History --
The Layered Earth --
Side Note: Mother Earth --
Behavior of Materials --
Side Note: Volcanoes and the Origin of the Ocean, Atmosphere, and Life --
Isostasy --
Internal Sources of Energy --
Impact Energy and Gravitational Energy --
Radioactive Isotopes --
In Greater Depth: Radioactive Isotopes --
Age of Earth --
In Greater Depth: Radioactivity Disasters --
Plate Tectonics --
Development of the Plate Tectonics Concept --
In Greater Depth: Earth's Magnetic Field --
Magnetization of Volcanic Rocks --
The Grand Unifying Theory --
How We Understand Earth --
Uniformitarianism --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
A Classic Disaster: The Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 --
Understanding Earthquakes --
Faults and Geologic Mapping --
Types of Faults --
Dip-Slip Faults --
Strike-Slip Faults --
Transform Faults --
Development of Seismology --
Waves --
Seismic Waves --
Body Waves --
Seismic Waves and Earth's Interior --
Surface Waves --
Sound Waves and Seismic Waves --
In Greater Depth: Seismic Waves from Nuclear Bomb Blasts Versus Earthquakes --
Locating the Source of an Earthquake --
Magnitude of Earthquakes --
Richter Scale --
Other Measures of Earthquake Size --
Foreshocks, Mainshock, and Aftershocks --
Magnitude, Fault-Rupture Length, and Seismic-Wave Frequencies --
Ground Motion During Earthquakes --
In Greater Depth: F = MA --
Acceleration --
Periods of Buildings and Responses of Foundations --
In Greater Depth: What to Do Before and During an Earthquake --
Earthquake Intensity-What We Feel During an Earthquake --
Mercalli Scale Variables --
A Case History of Mercalli Variables: The San Fernando Valley, California, Earthquake of 1971 --
Learning from the Past --
Building in Earthquake Country --
Shear Walls and Bracing --
Retrofit Buildings, Bridges, and House Construction --
Base Isolation --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Disaster Simulation Game --
Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes --
Spreading-Center Earthquakes --
Iceland --
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden --
Gulf of California --
Convergent Zones and Earthquakes --
Subduction-Zone Earthquakes --
Japan, 2011: Stuck Segments of Subducting Plate --
A Classic Disaster: The Tokyo Earthquake of 1923 --
Indonesia, 2004: One Earthquake Triggers Others --
Mexico City, 1985: Long-Distance Destruction --
Chile, 1960: the Biggest One --
Alaska, 1964: Second Biggest One --
Pacific Northwest: the Upcoming Earthquake --
Continent-Continent Collision Earthquakes --
China, Pakistan, and India, 2008, 2005, and 2001: Continent Collision Kills --
China, 1556: the Deadliest Earthquake --
The Arabian Plate --
Continent-Continent Collision Earthquakes --
Transform-Fault Earthquakes --
Transform-Fault Earthquakes --
Haiti, 2010: Earthquakes Don't Kill, Buildings Do --
Turkey, 1999: Serial Earthquakes --
San Andreas Fault Tectonics and Earthquakes --
A Classic Disaster: The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 --
Bay Area Earthquakes-Past and Future --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
How Faults Work --
Elastic Rebound --
Newer View --
Thrust-Fault Earthquakes --
Virginia, 2011: Ancient Faults can Reactivate --
Northridge, California, 1994: Compression at the Big Bend --
Seattle, Washington --
Normal-Fault Earthquakes --
Puget Sound, Washington, 1949, 1965, 2001: Subducting Plates can Crack --
Neotectonics and Paleoseismology --
Earthquake Prediction --
Long-Term Forecasts --
Short-Term Forecasts --
Early Warning System --
Human-Triggered Earthquakes --
Pumping Fluids Underground --
Side Note: Perils of Predication: Scientists on Trial --
Dam Earthquakes --
Bomb Blasts --
Earthquake-Shaking Maps --
Did You Feel It? --
Shakemaps --
California Earthquake Scenario --
Annualized Earthquake Losses --
Great Shakeout Events --
Earthquakes in the United States and Canada --
Western North America: Plate Boundary-Zone Earthquakes --
Western Great Basin: Eastern California, Western Nevada --
The Intermountain Seismic Belt: Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana --
Rio Grande Rift: New Mexico, Colorado, Westernmost Texas, Mexico --
Intraplate Earthquakes: "Stable" Central United States --
New Madrid, Missouri, 1811-1812 --
Reelfoot Rift: Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois --
Ancient Rifts in the Central United States --
Intraplate Earthquakes: Eastern North America --
New England --
St. Lawrence River Valley --
Charleston, South Carolina, 1886 --
Earthquakes and Volcanism in Hawaii --
Earthquake in 1975 --
Earthquakes in 2006 --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
How We Understand Volcanic Eruptions --
Plate-Tectonic Setting of Volcanoes --
A Classic Disaster: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 79 CE --
Chemical Composition of Magmas --
Viscosity, Temperature, and Water Content of Magmas --
In Greater Depth: Minerals and Volcanic Rocks --
Plate-Tectonic Setting of Volcanoes Revisited --
How a Volcano Erupts --
Eruption Styles and the Role of Water Content --
Some Volcanic Materials --
The Three Vs of Volcanology: Viscosity, Volatiles, Volume --
Side Note: How a Geyser Erupts --
Shield Volcanoes: Low Viscosity, Low Volatiles, Large Volume --
Flood Basalts: Low Viscosity, Low Volatiles, very Large Volume --
In Greater Depth: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) --
Scoria Cones: Medium Viscosity, Medium Volatiles, Small Volume --
Stratovolcanoes: High Viscosity, High Volatiles, Large Volume --
Lava Domes: High Viscosity, Low Volatiles, Small Volume --
Calderas: High Viscosity, High Volatiles, Very Large Volume --
Side Note: British Airways Flight 9 --
In Greater Depth: Hot Spots --
A Classic Disaster: Santorini and the Lost Island of Atlantis --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Volcanism at Spreading Centers --
Iceland --
Volcanism at Subduction Zones --
Cascade Range, Pacific Coast of United States and Canada --
In Greater Depth: Rapid Assembly and Rise of Magma --
Volcanic Processess and Killer Events --
The Historic Record of Volcano Fatalities --
Pyroclastic Eruptions --
A Classic Disaster: Mont Pelee, Martinique, 1902 --
Tsunami --
Lahars --
Debris Avalanches --
Side Note: Death at Ashfall, Nebraska --
Indirect-Famine --
Gas --
Lava Flows --
VEIs of Some Killer Eruptions --
Volcano Monitoring and Warning --
Long Valley, California, 1982 --
Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991 --
Signs of Impending Eruption --
Volcano Observatories --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Japanese Tsunami, 11 March 2011 --
Tsunami Travel Through the Pacific Ocean --
Land Subsidence --
Side Note: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster --
British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, 26 January 1700 --
Waves in Water --
Wind-Caused Waves --
Why a Wind-Blown Wave Breaks --
Rogue Waves --
In Greater Depth: Deep-Water Wave Velocity, Length, Period, and Energy --
Tsunami --
Tsunami Versus Wind-Caused Waves --
A Classic Disaster: The Chile Tsunami of 1868 --
Tsunami at the Shoreline --
Earthquake-Caused Tsunami --
Indian Ocean 26 December 2004 --
Alaska, 1 April 1946: First Wave Biggest --
Chile, 22 May 1960: Third Wave Biggest --
Alaska, 27 March 1964: Fifth Wave Biggest --
Volcano-Caused Tsunami --
Krakatau, Indonesia, 26-27 August 1883 --
Landslide-Caused Tsunami --
Volcano Collapses --
Earthquake-Triggered Movements --
In Bays and Lakes --
Seiches --
Hebgen Lake, Montana, 17 August 1959 --
Tsunami and You --
Simeulue Island, Indonesia, 26 December 2004 --
Nicaragua, 1 September 1992 --
Humans Can Increase the Hazard --
Tsunami Warnings --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Disaster Simulation Game --
External Sources of Energy --
The Sun --
Solar Radiation Received by Earth --
Outgoing Terrestrial Radiation --
Greenhouse Effect --
Albedo --
The Hydrologic Cycle --
Water and Heat --
In Greater Depth: Water-The Most Peculiar Substance on Earth? --
Convection --
Water Vapor and Humidity --
Latent Heat --
Adiabatic Processes --
Lapse Rates --
Differential Heating of Land and Water --
Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere --
Energy Transfer in the World Ocean --
Layering of the Lower Atmosphere --
Temperature --
Pressure --
Winds --
Pressure Gradient Force --
In Greater Depth: Coriolis Effect --
Rotating Air Bodies --
General Circulation of the Atmosphere --
Low Latitudes --
High Latitudes --
Middle Latitudes --
Observed Circulation of the Atmosphere --
General Circulation of the Oceans --
Surface Circulation --
Deep-Ocean Circulation --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Severe Weather --
Winter Storms --
Cold --
Precipitation --
Nor'Easters --
In Greater Depth: Doppler Radar --
Blizzards --
Ice Storms --
Lake-Effect Snow --
How Thunderstorms Work --
Lifting of Air --
Air-Mass Thunderstorms