Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development and Constraints
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanoparticles, an Alternative Approach to Conventional Vaccines
1.3 Nanoparticles as Vaccine Delivery Vehicle
1.4 Nanotechnology to Tackle the Challenges of Vaccine Delivery
1.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
1.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
1.4.3 Biomolecular Nanoparticles
1.4.4 Liposome
1.4.5 Virus-Like Particles
1.4.6 Micelles
1.4.7 Immunostimulating Complexes
1.4.8 Self-Assembled Proteins (SAPNs)
1.4.9 Emulsions
1.5 Constraints and Challenges of Nanovaccines
1.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
2 Nanomedicine and Nanovaccinology Tools in Targeted Drug Delivery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Tools
2.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
2.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
2.2.3 Dendrimers
2.2.4 Liposomes
2.2.5 Micelles
2.2.6 Emulsions
2.2.7 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
2.2.8 Self-Assembled Proteins
2.2.9 Immunostimulating Complexes
2.2.10 Virus-Like Particles
2.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Applications
2.3.1 Cancer
2.3.2 Neurology
2.3.3 Cardiology
2.3.4 Ophthalmology
2.3.5 Pulmonology
2.3.6 Tissue Engineering
2.3.7 Viral Infections
2.3.8 Other Miscellaneous Types
2.4 Commercial Nanodelivery Tools
2.4.1 Industrial Manufacturing
2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
2.4.3 Risks and Challenges
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
3 Nanovaccinology and Superbugs
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Need for Nanovaccines
3.3 Types of Nanovaccines
3.3.1 Subunit Vaccines
3.3.2 Conjugate Vaccines
3.3.3 RNA Vaccines
3.3.4 Reverse Vaccinology
3.3.5 Biomimetic Nanovaccines
3.3.5.1 Biomimetic Membranes
3.3.5.2 Outer Membrane Vesicle Nanoparticles
3.3.6 Nanotoxoids
3.3.7 Liposomes
3.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.3.9 Virus-Like Particle
3.3.10 Inorganic Nanoparticles
3.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanovaccines
3.5 Limitations of Nanovaccines
3.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4 Current Research Trends on SARS-CoV2 Virus Against Nanovaccine Formulation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 COVID-19/SARS-CoV2 Pathophysiology
4.3 Development of Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV2
4.4 Biomimetic Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV2
4.4.1 Virus-Like Particles
4.4.2 Nucleic Acids Vaccines
4.4.3 Protein Vaccines
4.5 Translatable Subunit Nanovaccine Against SARS-CoV2
4.6 Separable Microneedle Patch Nanovaccine
4.7 Polymer-Based Nanovaccines
4.8 Pharmaceutical Challenges of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines
4.9 Future Prospects of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines
4.10 Challenges and Limitations
4.11 Conclusion and Outlook
References
5 Nanovaccinology Against Infectious Disease
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanovaccinology Against Bacterial Disease
5.3 Nanovaccinology Against Viral Disease
5.4 Nanovaccinology Against Cancer
5.5 Nanovaccinology Against Parasite-Born Disease
5.6 Nanovaccinology Against Autoimmune Disorders
5.7 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
6 Preclinical and Commercial Trials of Cancer Diagnosis via Nano-Imaging and Nanovaccinology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Role of Nano-Imaging in Cancer Diagnosis, Progression, and Treatment
6.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles
6.2.2 Quantum Dots
6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
6.2.4 Nanowires
6.2.5 Cantilevers and Nanopores
6.2.6 Other Types of Nanoparticles
6.3 Challenges in the Translation of Nanotechnology-Based Imaging Methods Into Clinical Application
6.4 Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy
6.4.1 Composition of Nanovaccines in Cancer Therapy
6.4.1.1 Antigens
6.4.1.2 Immunostimulatory Adjuvants
6.4.1.3 Nanocarriers
6.5 Functionalities of Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Cancer Vaccines
6.5.1 Efficient Delivery of Vaccines by Nanocarriers
6.5.2 Co-Delivery of Antigens and Adjuvants via Nanocarriers
6.5.3 Nanocarriers Potentiate Immunomodulation Through Multivalent Antigens and/or Adjuvants
6.5.4 Self-Adjuvanted Nanocarriers
6.6 Nanovaccine Strategies in Cancer
6.6.1 STING Agonist-Based Nanovaccines
6.6.2 Neoantigen Nanovaccines
6.6.3 mRNA-Based Nanovaccines
6.6.4 aAPCs
6.6.5 Nanovaccines for Combination Therapy
6.7 Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Applications of Nanoimaging and Nanovaccinology in Cancer
6.8 Recent Developments in the Trials of Nanovaccinology in Cancer
6.9 Perspectives and Future Directions
6.10 Conclusions
References
7 Biomedical and Electronic Tune-Ups of 2C4NA Nanocrystalline Sample
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Computational, Tribological, Fluorescence, and Influx Study
7.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study, Anticancer Study, and Anti-Inflammatory Study
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Biological, Electronic-Filter, Influx and Theoretical Practicalities of 2-Chloro6-Nitroaniline (2C6NA) Crystals for Biomedical and Microelectronics Tasks
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Computational and Influx
8.3 Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiabetic, DPPH, FRAP, Anticancer
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Antidiabetic, Anti-Oxidant, Computational, Filter, and Tribological Characterizations of Bis Glycine Lithium Bromide Monohydra (32 nm) Scaled Crystals
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Experimental
9.2.1 Synthesis
9.3 Results and Discussions
9.3.1 Single Crystalline XRD (SXRD) Study and Powder XRD (PXRD) Studies
9.3.2 Fluorescence (FL) Study for 32-nm Scale
9.3.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study and Influx Study
9.3.4 AO-DPPH, FRAP of Antioxidant Activity
9.3.5 Tribology—Load Capacity by the Compressive Strength Model of the Polymeric Bearings, Software-Based Thermal Ellipsoidal Plot
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Device Utility, Energy, and Bioutility of N2MNM4MBH Macro, Nano Models
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synthesis and XRD
10.3 Influx
10.4 Computational
10.4.1 Antidiabetic Study
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Biocurative, Tribological, Electro-Functionalities of ZnOMIZN Nanoparticles
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Antibacterial Activity
11.3 XRD and Magnetic Effect
11.4 Tribological Data for Nano Sample Coatings of ZnO-MIZN
11.5 Filter Utility
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Nanotubular Device Effect, Super Cell Effectiveness, Hirshfeld Energy Analysis and Biomedicinal Efficacy of 2-Fluoro5-Nitro-Aniline (2F5NA) Crystals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 XRD and Computational
12.3 Bioutility
12.3.1 Antibacterial of 2F5NA Crystals
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Nano, Peptide Link, Pharma Impact and Electron Density of AMPHB Macro, Nano Crystalline Samples
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Characterizations
13.2.1 XRD and Computational Impactness
13.2.2 Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and AntiFungal (AF) Effect of AMPHB Macro and Nano Crystals
13.3 Conclusion
References
14 Super Lattice, Computational Interactions and Bio-Uses of CPDMDP Crystals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Computational
14.3 Synthesis
14.4 XRD
14.5 Influx of CPDMDP of Both Scales
14.6 Antidiabetic Activity of Macro, Nano CPDMDP Crystals
14.7 Antioxidant Activity
14.8 Conclusion
References
15 Biological Effect Nanotubular, Vanderwall’s Impact, of 4-Methyl-2Nitroaniline (4M2NA) Nanocrystals
15.1 Introduction
15.2 XRD and Computational Data
15.3 Biological Activity: Antidiabetic (AD), AntiInflammatory (AI), and Antifungal (AF) Effect
15.4 Conclusion, Outlook, and Future Aspects
References
16 Biomedical, Tribological, and Electronic Functionalities of Silver Nanoparticles
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Tribological Data
16.3 Influx
16.4 HeLa Cell Line, Bacterial and Fungal Utility
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Commercialization of Nanovaccines: Utopia or a Reality?
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Development of Nanovaccines
17.3 Novel Adjuvants and Delivery System for Nanovaccines
17.4 Success Story
17.5 Nanovaccines in Human Health
17.6 Nanovaccines in Animal Health
17.7 Constraints in the Development and Application
17.8 Issues Related to Product Application
17.9 Characteristics of Nanoparticles Applicable to Public Health
17.10 Conclusion
References
18 Functionalization of Nanobiomaterials in Nanovaccinology
Abbreviations
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Characteristics of Functionalized Bionanoparticles
18.3 Functionalization of NPs
18.3.1 Functionalization With Different Ligands
18.3.2 Polymer Functionalized NPs
18.4 Nanomaterials for Vaccine Synthesis
18.4.1 Gold NPS
18.4.2 Silica NPs
18.4.3 Calcium NPs
18.4.4 Polymeric NPs
18.4.5 Inorganic Magnetic NPs
18.4.6 Chitosan NPs
18.4.7 Liposomal NPs
18.5 Role of the Surface of NPs on Vaccine Development
18.6 Nanovaccines: Routes of Administration
18.6.1 Intradermal Routes
18.6.2 Intramuscular Routes
18.6.3 Subcutaneous Routes
18.6.4 Oral Routes
18.6.5 Nasal Routes
18.6.6 Tropical Routes
18.6.7 Ocular Routes
18.7 Nanovaccines for Different Applications
18.7.1 Nanovaccines Against Bacteria
18.7.2 Nanovaccines Against Pathogens
18.7.3 Nanovaccines Against Viruses
18.7.4 Nanovaccines Against Parasites
18.7.5 Nanovaccines Against Cancer
18.8 Emulsions
18.9 Nanogels
18.10 Virus-Like Particles (VLP)
18.11 Applications of Novel Nanovaccines
18.12 Applications of Functionalized Nanovaccines
18.12.1 For Cancer Therapy
18.12.2 Against Different Infectious Diseases
18.13 Pros and Cons of Using Vaccines
18.13.1 Toxicity of NPs
18.14 Future Aspects
18.15 Conclusions
References
19 Oral Nanovaccines Delivery for Clinical Trials and Commercialization
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Barriers to Oral Vaccines
19.3 Evolution of Oral Nanovaccines
19.4 Oral Delivery of Nanovaccines
19.5 Immune Response to Oral Nanovaccines
19.6 Oral Nanovaccines Carriers
19.6.1 Natural Nanovaccine Carriers
19.6.2 Synthetic Nanovaccine Carriers
19.7 Formulation Strategies and Characterization of Oral Nanovaccines
19.8 Regulations and Challenges for Oral Nanovaccines Delivery
19.9 Future Perspectives
19.10 Conclusion
References
Index
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