Nanotechnology Platforms for Antiviral Challenges: Fundamentals, Applications and Advances

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editor Biographies
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 A Reflection of Antiviral Potential of Functional Nanoparticles
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Functional Nanoparticles and their Antiviral Capacity
1.2.1 Carbon Nanoparticles
1.2.1.1 Carbon Quantum Dots
1.2.1.2 Graphene Oxide
1.2.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.1.4 Fullerenes
1.2.2 Metal Nanoparticles
1.2.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles
1.2.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles
1.2.2.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
1.2.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
1.2.4 Other Functional Nanoparticles
1.2.4.1 Mesoporous Silicon Nanoparticles
1.2.4.2 Lipid Nanoparticles
1.3 Antiviral Mechanism of Functional Nanoparticles
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 An Overview of Applications of Nanotechnology in the Antimicrobial Field
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbial Resistance to Antibiotics
2.3 Nanomaterials as Alternatives to Antibiotics to Tackle Microbial Resistance
2.4 Factors Influencing the Antimicrobial Activity of Nanostructures
2.4.1 Microbes’ Cell Structure
2.4.2 Nanoparticle Properties
2.4.2.1 Nanoparticle Dimensions
2.4.2.2 Nanoparticle Shape
2.5 Nanoparticle Surface Charge
2.6 Metal Oxide Nanostructures as Antimicrobial Agents
2.6.1 Copper Oxide (CuO)
2.6.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
2.7 Metal Nanostructures as Antimicrobial Agents
2.7.1 Silver (Ag)
2.7.2 Gold (Au)
2.8 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Antiviral Polymers For Food Safety
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Most Important Foodborne Viruses
3.2.1 Human Norovirus (NoV)
3.2.2 Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
3.2.3 Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
3.2.4 Human Rotavirus Virus (HRV)
3.2.5 Human Enteric Virus
3.2.6 Astrovirus
3.3 Polymer and Biopolymers as Active Carriers of Antimicrobial/Antiviral Compounds
3.4 Antimicrobial Food Packaging
3.5 Edible Polymers
3.6 Assays to Evaluate the Antiviral Activity of Food Polymers
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Antiviral Biopolymers for Food Packaging Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biopolymers for Food Packaging
4.3 Coatings in Food and Antiviral Activities
4.3.1 Starch-Based Biopolymers
4.3.2 Biopolymers Based on Cellulose
4.3.3 Chitosan-Based Polymers
4.3.4 Polylactic- (PLA-)Based Polymers
4.3.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biopolymers
4.4 Growth of Food-Grade Biopolymers Having Antiviral Activity
4.4.1 Coatings and Active Coatings in Foods
4.4.2 Various Applications of Edible Coatings
4.4.3 Nanotechnology in Coating Edible Biopolymers
4.5 Advantages of Biopolymers
4.6 Problems Related to the Use of Biopolymers in Food Applications
4.7 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
Chapter 5 Toxicology of Nanoparticle-Based Pharmaceuticals
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nano-Based Pharmacology or Nanopharmacology
5.3 Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems and Therapeutics
5.3.1 Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles
5.3.2 Encapsulation of Drugs with Nanomaterials
5.3.3 Gene Therapy and DNA Nanovaccines
5.4 Significance of Nanomaterials in Human Health
5.5 Cellular and Tissue-based Toxicity Effects
5.6 Possible Mechanisms Behind the Nanotoxicology
5.7 Toxicological Methodologies’ Profiling of Nanomaterials
5.8 Ecotoxicology of Nanomaterial-based Pharmaceuticals
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Quantum Dots: Can It Be a Potential Antiviral Agent and Nano-Carrier Tool for Efficient Drug Delivery for Combatting Viral Infections?
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Quantum Dots: Definition, Structural Feature, and Special Properties
6.2.1 Quantum Dots and Their Structure
6.2.2 Special Properties of QDs
6.3 Synthesis of QDs
6.3.1 Top-Down Approaches
6.3.2 Bottom-Up Approaches
6.3.2.1 Wet-Chemical Methods
6.3.2.2 Vapour-Phase Methods
6.4 Surface Modification (Functionalization) of QDs
6.5 Characterization of QDs
6.6 Carbon-based Quantum Dots as Nanotherapeutics in Viral Diseases
6.6.1 Mechanism of Action of Antiviral QDs
6.6.2 Significance of QDs in Drug Targeting
6.6.3 Safety Issues of Quantum Dot-based Therapeutics
6.7 Application of QDs
6.7.1 Role of ZnO-/ZnS-/Cd-Based QDs on the Antiviral Activity and Drug Delivery
6.7.2 Role of QD-based 3D Nano-Printing on Antiviral Drug Delivery
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Small Molecule Antivirals to Nanoparticles: The Need of the Hour to Combat Pandemics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Comprehensive Timeline Chronicles of Viral Pandemics
7.3 Antimicrobials: Tools to Tackle Infectious Diseases
7.4 Delineation of Antivirals
7.5 Classification of Antivirals: Sequelae of the Mode of Action
7.6 Nanoparticles as Antiviral Agents and as a Drug Delivery System
7.6.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
7.6.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
7.6.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
7.6.1.3 Zinc Oxide
7.6.2 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
7.6.2.1 Quantum Dots (QDs)
7.6.2.2 Fullerenes
7.6.2.3 Graphene Oxide
7.6.3 Organic Nanoparticles
7.6.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.6.3.2 Dendrimers
7.6.3.3 Lipid Polymers
7.6.3.4 Micelles and Microemulsions
7.6.3.5 Nanoemulsions
7.7 Combinational Antiviral Therapy
7.8 Nanoparticles to Tackle COVID-19
7.9 Nanoparticle-Conjugated Antivirals: Advantages and Disadvantages
7.10 Advancements in Nanomedicine
7.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Nanotechnology in Antiviral Treatment against Coronavirus
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials (NMs)
8.2.1 Coprecipitation Process
8.2.2 Sol-Gel Process
8.2.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Process
8.3 SARS-COVID-19
8.4 Antiviral Activity of Nanomaterials
8.5 Conclusion
References
Index