Nanotechnology in Paper and Wood Engineering: Fundamentals, Challenges and Applications

Front Cover
Nanotechnology in Paper and Wood Engineering
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
I. Fundamentals
1 Nanotechnology in paper and wood engineering: an introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of nanotechnology in the paper and pulp industry
1.3 Applications of nanotechnology in the wood industry
1.4 Conclusion
References
2 Nanofibers for the paper industry
2.1 Paper industry: challenges
2.2 Nanofibers: characteristics
2.3 Cellulose nanofibers
2.3.1 Types of CNF in paper manufacturing
2.3.2 The mechanism of CNF strengthening properties
2.3.3 CNF as an additive in paper industry
2.3.4 CNF as coating material in papermaking
2.4 Lignocellulosic nanofibers
2.5 Conclusions and future prospective
References
3 Role of laccase in the pulp and paper industry
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Laccases, redox potential, and delignification
3.3 Laccases-assisted biobleaching/delignification of pulps
3.4 Laccase mediators
3.4.1 Natural mediators
3.4.2 Artificial mediators
3.5 Lignin degradation by laccase-mediator system
3.6 Biobleaching by laccase-mediator system
3.7 Effect of laccase and xylanase on biobleaching
3.8 Laccase utilization for pulp biografting
3.9 Pitch control by laccases
3.10 Deinking of waste papers by LMS
3.11 Laccase-mediated treatment of pulp and paper industry effluents
3.12 Lignin transformation by laccases
3.13 Recovery of lignin byproducts
3.14 Laccase for biofuels synthesis
3.15 Oxygen role in biobleaching of pulp
3.16 Challenges to implement laccase at industrial level
3.17 Recombinant laccases in biobleaching of pulps
3.18 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interests
References
4 Nanotechnology for waste wood recycling
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wood waste materials
4.3 Nanotechnology
4.3.1 Nanographene
4.3.2 Nanotitanium dioxide
4.3.3 Nanosilicon dioxide
4.3.4 Nano ZnO2
4.3.5 Carbon nanotube
4.4 W@W-based nanocomposites
4.5 Summary
References
5 Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable cellulose-based polymer hydrogel
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and methods
5.2.1 Materials
5.2.2 Sample preparation
5.2.3 Characterization of water hyacinth
5.2.4 Isolation of cellulose from water hyacinth
5.2.5 Synthesis of water hyacinth cellulose-g-poly(ammonium acrylate-co-acrylic acid) polymer hydrogel
5.2.5.1 Partial neutralization of acrylic acid
5.2.5.2 Heterogeneous grafting of partially neutralized acrylic acid monomer onto cellulose fibers
5.2.5.3 Extraction of homopolymer
5.2.6 Structural and morphological characterization
5.2.6.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
5.2.6.2 Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis
5.2.6.3 X-ray diffraction analysis
5.2.7 Evaluating the swelling of polymer hydrogel
5.2.7.1 Swelling of polymer hydrogel in water
5.2.7.2 Swelling of polymer hydrogel in salt solution
5.2.7.3 Influence of the pH on swelling of polymer hydrogel
5.2.7.4 Influence of polymer hydrogel on water holding capacity in soil
5.2.8 Biodegradation test
5.2.8.1 Biodegradation of polymer hydrogel in soil
5.2.8.2 Microbial culture and degradation test of the copolymer by soil microbial isolate
5.2.9 Preparation of nanocomposite polymer hydrogel
5.2.9.1 Synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite
5.2.9.2 Preparation of cellulose-g-poly(ammonium acrylate-co-acrylic acid)/nano-HA composite hydrogel
5.2.10 Statistical data analysis
5.3 Results and discussion
5.3.1 Composition of water hyacinth
5.3.2 Mechanism of graft polymerization and extraction of homopolymer
5.3.3 Structural and morphological characteristics of water hyacinth, isolated cellulose, and cellulose-grafted copolymer
5.3.3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
5.3.3.2 X-ray diffraction analysis
5.3.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
5.3.4 Evaluation of the factors influencing the swelling of cellulose-grafted polymer hydrogel
5.3.4.1 Influence of salt solutions on water absorbency
5.3.4.2 Influence of pH on water absorbency
5.3.4.3 Water holding capacity of polymer hydrogel amended soil
5.3.5 Biodegradation of cellulose-grafted copolymer
5.3.5.1 Biodegradation of cellulose-grafted copolymer in soil
5.3.5.2 Microbial culture and degradation of cellulose-grafted copolymer by soil microbial isolates
5.3.6 Water absorbency of cellulose-g-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/nano-HA composite hydrogel
5.3.7 Structural and morphological characteristics of cellulose-grafted nanocomposite polymer hydrogel
5.3.7.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
5.3.7.2 Transmission electron microscopy
5.3.7.3 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
5.3.7.4 X-ray diffraction analysis
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Fabrication of nanowoods and nanopapers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cellulose and nanocellulose
6.3 Isolation and fabrication of nanocellulose fibrils
6.4 Products of nanocellulose: nanowood and nanopaper
6.4.1 Nanowood
6.4.1.1 Fabrication of nanowood
6.4.1.2 Properties of nanowood
6.4.1.3 Applications of nanowood
6.4.2 Nanopaper
6.4.2.1 Evolution of paper to nanopaper: an insight
6.4.2.2 Fabrication of nanopaper
6.4.2.3 Properties of nanopaper
6.4.2.4 Applications of nanopaper
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Pulp and paper industry-based pollutants, and their adverse impacts
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Waste effluents from the pulp and paper industry
7.3 Pollutants from pulp and paper industry: categories and characteristics
7.4 Adverse health impacts of pulp and paper industry pollutants
7.5 Environmental implications regarding pulp and paper industry waste
7.6 Techniques for wastewater treatment
7.7 Waste to value aspects
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interests
References
Further reading
II. Applications
8 Pharmaceutical applications of nanocellulose
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods of preparation
8.2.1 Acid hydrolysis for nanocellulose preparation
8.2.1.1 Step I (Alkali treatment)
8.2.1.2 Step II (Bleaching process)
8.2.1.3 Step III (Hydrolysis treatment)
8.3 Application of NCC
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Nano-biodegradation of plastic materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Applications
9.3 Nanocellulose
9.3.1 Cellulose nanofibers
9.3.2 Cellulose nanocrystals
9.4 Degradability
9.4.1 Degradation
9.4.2 Biodegradation
9.5 Nonbiodegradable polymers
9.6 Bioplastics
9.7 Biodegradable polymers
9.8 Effect of nanocellulose on biodegradability
9.9 Conclusions
References
10 Production of microfibrillated cellulose fibers and their application in polymeric composites
10.1 Microfibrillated cellulose fiber production
10.1.1 Microstructure of microfibrillated cellulose
10.1.2 Chemical composition of microfibrillated cellulose
10.1.3 Techniques for microfibrillated cellulose fiber production
10.2 Microfibrillated cellulose application in polymeric composites
10.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose in natural polymers
10.2.1.1 Pure MFC films/nanopapers
10.2.1.2 Pure MFC boards
10.2.1.3 MFC in other natural oligomers and polymers
10.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose in thermoplastics
10.2.3 Microfibrillated cellulose in thermosets
10.2.4 Microfibrillated cellulose in elastomers
10.3 Future perspectives
References
11 Nanotechnology: application and potentials for heterogeneous catalysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Dehalogenation and hydrogenation reactions
11.2.1 Catalytic application of biogenic platinum nanoparticles for hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol
11.2.2 Excellent catalytic properties over nanocomposite catalysts for selective hydrogenation of halnitrobenzenes
11.2.3 An efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for dehalogenation reaction
11.2.4 Looking to the future
11.3 Hydrosilylation reactions
11.3.1 Advancement over the years: platinum-based catalysts
11.3.2 Recent breakthroughs in platinum catalysts
11.3.3 Heterogeneous versus homogeneous catalysts in hydrosilylation: nanotechnology applications
11.3.4 Platinum-supported nanoparticles
11.3.5 Leach-proof and sinter-proof catalysts
11.3.6 A look into the future of heterogeneous catalysts in hydrosilylation
11.4 C–C coupling reactions
11.4.1 Catalysts
11.4.2 Nanoparticles as catalysts
11.4.3 Use of nanoparticles in Heck reaction
11.4.4 Use of nanoparticles in Sonogashira reaction
11.4.5 Use of nanoparticles in the Stille reaction
11.5 Fuel cell technology
11.6 Platinum catalysts
11.6.1 Platinum nanoparticles
11.6.2 Alternative catalysts material
11.6.3 Supporting materials
11.6.4 Fuel cell outlook
11.7 Heavy oil technology
11.7.1 Heavy oil recovery methods
11.7.2 Nanotechnology application
11.8 Supercritical water gasification
11.9 Magnetic nanoparticles
11.9.1 Nanoscale magnetic stirring bars for heterogeneous catalysis
11.9.2 Nanoscale magnetic catalyst for biodiesel production
11.10 Conclusion
References
12 Lignin removal from pulp and paper industry waste streams and its application
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Lignin: biosynthesis to utilization
12.2.1 Nature of lignin
12.2.2 Overview of lignin: biosynthesis and distribution
12.2.3 Sources of lignin waste generation
12.2.4 Industrial sources of lignin
12.2.4.1 Kraft lignin
12.2.4.2 Soda lignin
12.2.4.3 Organosolv lignins
12.2.4.4 Lignosulphonates/sulfite lignin
12.3 Techniques for lignin removal
12.3.1 Physicochemical processes
12.3.1.1 Coagulation and precipitation
12.3.1.2 Adsorption
12.3.1.3 Membrane technologies
12.3.1.4 Ozonation
12.3.1.5 Advanced oxidation processes
12.3.2 Removal of lignin by biological means
12.4 Gainful utilization of lignin
12.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
13 Nanotechnology in packaging of food and drugs
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanocellulose for reinforcement of nanocomposites
13.3 Active packaging
13.4 Intelligent packaging
13.4.1 Gas indicator/sensor
13.4.2 Time–temperature indicators/sensors
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Enzyme cocktail: a greener approach for biobleaching in paper and pulp industry
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microbial enzyme applications in biobleaching
14.2.1 Laccases
14.2.2 Lignin and manganese peroxidases (heme peroxidase)
14.2.3 Cellulase
14.2.4 Xylanase
14.2.5 Lipases
14.2.6 Protease
14.2.7 Amylase
14.3 Pulp and papermaking processes
14.3.1 Use of enzyme in pulping
14.3.2 Enzyme use in bleaching
14.3.3 Enzyme use in modifications and fiber recycling
14.3.4 Refining and drainage
14.3.5 Microbial enzyme-assisted deinking specific
14.3.5.1 Enzymatic deinking and paper characteristics
14.3.5.2 Advantages of biodeinking
14.3.5.3 Challenges of biological deinking
14.3.5.4 Future directions in deinking research
14.3.6 Removal of pitch
14.3.7 Removal of slime
14.3.8 Removal of shives
14.3.9 Debarking
14.3.10 Retting of flax fibers
14.3.11 Reduction of vessel picking
14.3.12 Cellulose-binding domains
14.4 Modifying enzymes to attain activity under specific conditions
14.5 Environmental and manufacturing benefits
14.6 Innovation and implementation
14.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers and their biotechnological applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Electrospinning
15.3 Electrospinning of cellulose composite nanofibers
15.4 Applications of electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers
15.4.1 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers as sensors
15.4.2 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers in drug delivery
15.4.3 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers in environmental remediation
15.4.4 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers in tissue engineering
15.5 Conclusion
Conflict of interests
References
16 Treatment of pulp and paper industry waste effluents and contaminants
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Processing of paper and pulp industry
16.3 Types of pollutants and their characteristics
16.3.1 Gaseous effluents emissions into the air
16.3.2 Solid wastes emitted in the wastewater
16.3.3 Liquid wastes emitted as wastewater
16.4 Environmental impact of effluents
16.5 Treatment of paper and pulp industry contaminants
16.5.1 Removal of contaminants through primary treatment
16.5.2 Removal of contaminants through secondary treatment
16.5.3 Removal of contaminants through coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation
16.5.4 Sorption/membrane-based removal of contaminants
16.5.5 Advanced oxidation processes and ozonation
16.5.6 Bioremediation of wastewater from the paper and pulp industry
16.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Conflict of interests
References
17 Paper and pulp mill wastewater: characterization, microbial-mediated degradation, and challenges
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Characteristics of paper and pulp industry effluent
17.2.1 Characterization of organic compounds
17.2.2 Environmental impact of paper and pulp industry effluent
17.2.2.1 Phytotoxicity
17.2.2.2 Animal toxicity
17.3 Microbial-mediated degradation
17.3.1 Bacterial-mediated degradation of paper and pulp industry effluent
17.3.2 Fungal-mediated degradation of paper and pulp industry effluent
17.3.3 Benefits of microbial ligninolytic potential on pulp treatment
17.4 Challenges and future expectations
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Nanocellulose: fascinating and sustainable nanomaterial for papermaking
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Chemistry of cellulose
18.3 Source of cellulose
18.4 Nanocellulose
18.4.1 Cellulose nanofibers
18.4.2 Cellulose nanocrystals
18.5 Challenges for nanocellulose in papermaking
18.6 Application of cellulose nanofibers into the papermaking
18.6.1 Direct reinforcement of cellulose nanofibers into the pulp suspension
18.6.2 Multiply strategy
18.6.3 Pure cellulose nanofibers coating
18.6.4 Wet-end optimization (cellulose nanofiber + polyelectrolyte)
18.7 Modification of nanocellulose
18.8 Functional properties of cellulose nanofibers
18.9 Market perspectives of nanocellulose
18.10 Conclusion
References
19 Utilization of nanocellulose fibers, nanocrystalline cellulose and bacterial cellulose in biomedical and pharmaceutical ...
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Chemical and physical properties of nanocellulose
19.3 Mechanical and reinforcement properties of nanocellulose in pharmaceutical applications
19.4 Biological properties of nanocellulose (that make it suitable in pharmaceutical applications)
19.5 Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of nanocellulose
19.6 Nanocellulose-based pharmaceutical applications
19.6.1 Drug delivery
19.6.2 Rapid drug delivery
19.6.3 Controlled and sustained drug delivery
19.6.4 Oral delivery
19.6.5 Ocular delivery
19.6.6 Intratumoral delivery
19.6.7 Topical delivery
19.6.8 Transdermal delivery
19.7 Advanced nanomaterials for tissue engineering, wound healing, repair and regeneration
19.7.1 Diagnostic devices
19.7.1.1 Cellulose nanofibers substrate in paper-based point-of-care immunoassays with metallic nanoparticles conjugated an...
19.7.1.2 Bacterial nanocellulose in biosensing
19.7.1.3 Graphene based nanomaterials in biosensing
19.7.2 Immobilization and recognition of enzyme/protein
19.7.2.1 Methods of enzyme/protein immobilization
19.7.2.2 Physical immobilization methods
Entrapment
Gel entrapment
Fiber entrapment
19.7.2.3 Microencapsulation
Chemical binding
Crosslinking
Ionic binding
Metal binding
Covalent binding
19.7.3 Antimicrobial nanomaterials
19.8 Conclusions and remarks/prospects
References
20 Nano-driven processes toward the treatment of paper and pulp industrial effluent: from the view of resource recovery and...
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Characteristics of paper and pulp industry effluents
20.2.1 Raw material preparation (Barker bearing cooling water)
20.2.2 Pulping (black liquor)
20.2.3 Washing (wash water)
20.2.4 Bleaching (bleach plant wash water)
20.2.5 Paper manufacturing (white water)
20.3 Key challenges in pulp and paper industry
20.4 Nano-driven processes for the remediation of paper and pulp industry effluent
20.4.1 Photocatalysis based treatment of paper and pulp mill effluents
20.4.2 Nanomembrane based treatment of paper and pulp mill effluents
20.4.3 Nanosorption-based treatment of paper and pulp mill effluents
20.4.3.1 Carbon-based nanoadsorbent
20.4.3.2 Metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles
20.5 Future perspectives
20.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
21 Future perspective of pulp and paper industry
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Economic feasibility and environmental regulation
21.3 Challenges, perspectives, and innovations
21.4 Concluding note
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
Index
Back Cover