Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells

Front Cover
Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Foreword
Reference
1: BASIC PRINCIPLES
1 Nanotechnology-based fuel cells: an introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fuel cells
1.3 Nanotechnology and fuel cells
1.4 Current research on nanofuel cells
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Microfluidic concept-based fuel cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Theory
2.3 Fabrication and design of microfluidic fuel cells
2.4 Performance evaluation of microfluidic fuel cells
2.5 Perspective and conclusions
References
3 Alcohol fuel cell on-a-chip
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fuel cell on-a-chip
3.3 General view of direct alcohol microfluidic fuel cells
3.4 Testing direct alcohol microfluidic fuel cells
3.5 Nanotechnology in direct alcohol microfluidic fuel cells
3.5.1 Nanoparticle anodes and cathodes for methanol microfluidic fuel cells
3.5.2 Nanoparticle anodes and cathodes for ethanol microfluidic fuel cells
3.5.3 Nanoparticle anodes and cathodes for ethylene glycol microfluidic fuel cells
3.5.4 Nanoparticle anodes and cathodes for glycerol microfluidic fuel cells
3.6 Perspectives and future engagements
Acknowledgments
Appendix
References
4 General aspects in the modeling of fuel cells: from conventional fuel cells to nano fuel cells
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)
4.2 Numerical modeling
4.2.1 Macroscopic continuum modeling
4.2.2 Pore-scale modeling
4.2.3 Hybrid continuum/pore-scale modeling
4.3 PEMFC macroscopic modeling
4.3.1 Assumptions
4.3.2 Conservations equations
4.3.3 Source terms
4.3.4 Boundary conditions
Acknowledgments
References
5 Mathematical modeling for fuel cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fuel cells simulation and modeling
5.3 Process design and mathematical formulation
5.3.1 Solid oxide fuel cells
5.3.2 Molten carbonate fuel cells
5.3.3 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
5.3.4 Direct alkaline fuel cell
5.3.5 Microbial fuel cells
5.4 Key challenges of mathematical modeling
5.5 Conclusion
References
2: NANOSTRUCTURES AND NANOMATERIALS FOR FUEL CELLS
6 Nanostructures and nanomaterials in microbial fuel cells
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanostructured materials in microbial fuel cells
6.2.1 Nanostructures as electrode materials
6.2.1.1 Carbon-based structures
6.2.1.1.1 Zero-dimensional (0D) carbon nanostructures (nanoparticles/nanospheres)
6.2.1.1.2 One-dimensional carbon nanostructures (Nanowires/nanorods/nanofibers/nanotubes)
6.2.1.1.3 Two-dimensional carbon nanostructures (Nanosheets, nanobelts, cyclic and spiral nanostructures)
6.2.1.1.4 Three-dimensional carbon nanostructures: (Hierarchical/macroporous structure)
6.3 Nanocomposite materials
6.3.1 Anode materials
6.3.1.1 Polymer carbon nanocomposites (P-C anode)
6.3.1.2 Metal-carbon nanocomposites (M-C anode)
6.3.1.2.1 Metal-based carbon nanocomposite anodes
6.3.1.2.2 Metal oxide-based carbon nanocomposite anode
6.3.1.3 Metal-polymer nanocomposite (M-P anode)
6.3.2 Cathode materials
6.3.2.1 Polymer-carbon nanocomposites (P-C cathode)
6.3.2.2 Metal-carbon nanocomposites (M-C cathode)
6.3.2.2.1 Metal-based carbon nanocomposites cathode
6.3.2.2.2 Metal oxide-based carbon nanocomposite cathode
6.3.2.3 Metal polymer nanocomposite (M-P cathode)
6.3.3 Membranes
6.3.3.1 Polymer-carbon nanocomposites (P-C membrane)
6.3.3.2 Polymer-polymer nanocomposites (P-P membrane)
6.3.3.3 Polymer-metal nanocomposites (P-M membrane)
6.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
7 Metal-organic frameworks for fuel cell technologies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Structure of metal-organic frameworks
7.2.1 Secondary building units
7.2.2 Open metal sites
7.2.3 Pores
7.2.4 Functional groups
7.2.5 Development of porous structure
7.2.6 Design of metal-organic framework derivative
7.3 Metal-organic frameworks for fuel cells applications
7.3.1 Proton-conducting metal-organic frameworks
7.3.1.1 Proton transfer under low temperature
7.3.1.2 Proton transfer at high temperature
7.4 Metal-organic frameworks as oxygen reduction reaction catalyst
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Advanced carbon-based nanostructured materials for fuel cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Important oxygen reduction reaction characterization notions
8.2.1 Onset potential (Eons)
8.2.2 Current density
8.2.3 Tafel slope
8.2.4 Electron transfer number and HO2− percentage
8.2.5 Turnover frequency
8.3 Approaches to synthesize nanocarbons
8.3.1 Zero-dimensional carbonaceous materials
8.3.1.1 Fullerene-based electrocatalysts
8.3.1.2 Carbon dots-based electrocatalysts
8.3.2 One-dimensional carbonaceous materials
8.3.2.1 Carbon nanotubes-based 1D nanostructures
8.3.2.1.1 Heteroatom-doped CNTs
8.3.2.1.2 Carbon nanotube-supported active materials
8.3.3 Graphene-based two-dimensional carbonaceous materials
8.3.3.1 Heteroatom-doped graphene materials
8.3.3.2 Graphene-supported carbonaceous materials
8.3.4 Three-dimensional carbon materials
8.3.4.1 Heteroatom-doped porous carbon nanomaterials
8.3.4.2 Metal-organic framework-derived porous carbon materials
8.3.4.3 Three-dimensional porous metal-nitrogen-carbon materials
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Covalent organic framework-based materials as electrocatalysts for fuel cells
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Motivations and scope
9.1.2 Fuel cell and its chemistry
9.1.3 Chemistry of covalent organic frameworks
9.1.3.1 Molecular building blocks linking and crystallization
9.1.3.2 Porosity of COFs
9.1.3.3 Chemical stability of COFs
9.1.4 Interlayer stacking in COFs
9.2 Recent advancements in COF-based electrocatalysts for ORR
9.2.1 Pristine metal-free COFs
9.2.2 Macrocycle-incorporated COFs
9.2.3 COF-derived SAC-based materials
9.2.4 Nanocarbon-supported COFs
9.3 Designing approaches of COF-based electrocatalysts
9.3.1 Geometric orientation-based approaches
9.3.1.1 3D-based COFs
9.3.1.2 2D-based COFs
9.3.1.3 Thin film and nanofiber-based COFs
9.3.2 Different bonding-based approaches
9.3.2.1 Carbon–nitrogen-based approach
9.3.2.2 Triazine-based approach (CTFs)
9.3.2.3 Imide-based approach (PICOFs)
9.4 Concluding remarks
9.4.1 Challenges
9.4.2 Prospects and research directions
References
10 Nano-inks for fuel cells
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ink rheological parameters and influencing factors
10.3 Recent progress in nano-ink preparation and utilization in fuel cell application
10.3.1 The effect of solvents and additives
10.3.2 The effect of the dispersion method
10.3.3 The effect of the ink composition
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Nanomaterial and nanocatalysts in microbial fuel cells
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Application of nanomaterial structures in anodes
11.2.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
11.2.2 Nanoconducting polymer
11.2.3 Metal-based nanomaterials
11.3 Application of nanomaterial structures in cathodes
11.3.1 Graphene-based nanomaterial
11.3.2 Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers
11.3.3 Transition metal oxide nanomaterials
11.3.4 Conducting polymer nanomaterials
11.4 Ion-exchange membranes
11.4.1 Perfluorinated membranes
11.4.2 Sulfonated membranes
11.4.3 Nonfluorinated and nonsulfonated membranes
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Nanomembranes in fuel cells
12.1 The introduction of nanomembranes in fuel cells
12.1.1 Description of nanomembranes
12.1.1.1 Proton-exchange membranes
12.1.1.2 Characteristic parameters of nanomembranes
12.1.1.3 Classification of nanomembranes
12.1.2 Proton transport channels
12.1.2.1 Proton transfer mechanism
12.1.2.2 Proton transport channel models
12.1.2.3 Modification strategies of proton transport channel
12.2 Polymer-based nanomembranes
12.2.1 Polymer membranes with tailored main chains
12.2.1.1 Flexible and rigid chain segments
12.2.1.2 Regular and atactic chain segments
12.2.2 Polymer membranes with functional side chains
12.2.2.1 Hydrophilic side chains
12.2.2.2 Hydrophobic side chains
12.2.3 Polymer membranes with special groups
12.2.3.1 Large and rigid groups
12.2.3.2 Amino groups
12.2.3.3 Densely sulfonated units
12.2.4 Cross-linking membranes
12.2.4.1 Semiinterpenetrating
12.2.4.2 Fully cross-linking
12.3 Hybrid membranes containing nanofillers
12.3.1 Effect of nanofillers
12.3.2 Nanoparticles
12.3.2.1 Nanometal oxides
12.3.2.2 Metal-organic frameworks
12.3.2.3 Mineral materials
12.3.3 Nanocarbon materials
12.3.3.1 Nanofibers
12.3.3.2 Nanotubes
12.3.3.3 Graphite
12.3.3.4 Fullerenes
References
13 Shape-controlled metal nanoparticles for fuel cells applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 What is shape-controlled catalyst
13.3 Platinum catalyst
13.4 Fe, Co, and Ni catalysts
13.5 Various functionality of shape-selected nanoparticles
13.5.1 Activity enhancement
13.5.2 Selectivity enhancement
13.5.3 Optical behavior
13.6 Summary
References
14 Fuel cells recycling
14.1 Introduction to fuel cells and recycling
14.2 Nanomaterials used in fuel cells
14.2.1 Nanomaterials in the polymer electrolyte membrane or proton-exchange membrane
14.2.2 Nanomaterials in the molten carbonate fuel cells
14.2.3 Materials in phosphoric acid fuel cell
14.2.4 Materials in solid oxide fuel cells
14.3 Recycling processes
14.3.1 Hydrometallurgical process
14.3.2 Pyrohydrometallurgical process
14.3.3 Hydrothermal process
14.3.4 Selective electrochemical dissolution
14.3.5 Transient dissolution through potential alteration
14.3.6 Membrane and Pt-recovery acid process
14.3.7 Alcohol solvent process
14.4 Microbial fuel cell recycling mechanism
14.5 Summary
References
15 Micro/nanostructures for biofilm establishment in microbial fuel cells
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanostructure for promoting electrochemical active bacteria/electrode interaction
15.2.1 Carbon nanomaterials decoration
15.2.2 Conductive polymer coating
15.2.3 Other types of modifications
15.3 Microstructure for increasing specific surface area
15.3.1 Electrodes with random microstructure
15.3.1.1 Carbon-based electrodes
15.3.1.2 Metal-based electrodes
15.3.2 Electrode materials with regular microstructure
15.3.2.1 Biomass-derived porous materials
15.3.2.2 Electrode with engineered 3D macroporous architectures
15.4 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
16 Nanomaterials in biofuel cells
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of biofuel cell
16.2.1 Enzymatic fuel cell
16.2.2 Microbial fuel cell
16.3 Application of nanomaterials in biofuel cells
16.3.1 Nanomaterials in electrodes
16.3.1.1 Anode modification
16.3.1.1.1 Transition metals-based nanoparticles and nanocomposites as anode catalyst
16.3.1.1.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites as anode catalysts
16.3.1.1.3 Polymer-based anodes
16.3.1.2 Cathode modification
16.3.1.2.1 Metal-free cathode catalysts
16.3.1.2.2 Metal-based carbon cathode catalysts
16.3.2 Nanomaterials in membranes
16.3.2.1 Ion-exchange membranes
16.3.2.1.1 Nanocomposite membrane (hybrid organic–inorganic)
16.3.2.1.2 Nanocomposite membranes with Fe3O4
16.3.2.1.3 Nanocomposite membranes with TiO2
16.3.2.1.4 Nanocomposite membranes with SiO2
16.3.2.1.5 Nanocomposite membranes with carbon materials
16.3.2.1.6 Nanocomposite membranes with miscellaneous materials
16.4 Conclusion
References
Index
Back Cover