Nanotechnology is an emerging and exciting area in the field of implants. Numerous promising developments have been elucidated regarding the use of nanotechnology to regenerate tissues. This important book highlights the potential of nanophase materials to improve hard and soft tissue applications. In all cases, increased tissue regeneration has been observed for bone, cartilage, vascular, bladder, and central/peripheral nervous system tissues.
Author(s): Thomas J. Webster, Thomas J. Webster
Edition: 1
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 260
Tags: Специальные дисциплины;Наноматериалы и нанотехнологии;Нанобиотехнология;
Contents......Page 12
Preface......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 20
1. Introduction......Page 24
2. Basic Science of Bone......Page 26
2.1.1. Organic Phase: Collagen Nanofibers and Noncollagenous Proteins......Page 27
2.2. Microstructure and Macrostructure of Bone......Page 29
2.3. Mechanical Properties of Bone......Page 30
2.4. Bone Remodeling and Bone Cells......Page 31
2.4.1. Osteoblasts......Page 32
2.4.3. Osteoclasts......Page 34
3.3. Metal and Metal Alloys......Page 35
4. Bone Tissue Engineering: Promises and Challenges......Page 36
4.1.1. Biocompatibility......Page 38
4.1.4. Surface Properties......Page 39
4.1.6. Interconnected Three-Dimensional Structures......Page 40
4.2. The Choices of Materials for Bone Scaffolds......Page 41
4.2.1. Biodegradable Polymers......Page 42
4.2.2. Bioactive Ceramics......Page 48
4.2.3. Ceramic/Polymer Biocomposites......Page 49
5.1. Rationale and Evidence......Page 50
5.2.1. Solvent-Casting/Particulate-Leaching......Page 53
5.2.2. Gas-Foaming/Particulate-Leaching......Page 56
5.2.3. Phase Separation and Emulsion Freeze Drying......Page 59
5.2.5. Melt Molding......Page 62
5.2.7. Rapid Prototyping Techniques......Page 63
Bibliography......Page 66
1. Introduction......Page 76
2. Skeletal Complications: Osteoporosis and Bone Fracture......Page 77
3. Need for Better Implantation Materials for Orthopedic Application......Page 78
3.1. Cell Recognition of Implant Surfaces......Page 80
3.2. Chemistry......Page 82
3.3. Topography......Page 83
4. A New Approach: Nanophase Orthopedic Materials......Page 84
4.1. Benefits of Nanophase Bone Implant Materials......Page 89
4.2. Wettability......Page 90
4.3. Surface Roughness......Page 91
5. Influence of Nanomaterials Functionalized with Cell Adhesive Peptides on Osteoblast Functions......Page 93
6. Future Challenges......Page 95
Bibliography......Page 97
1. Introduction......Page 102
2.1. Basics of Anodization Process......Page 104
2.2. Influences of Processing Parameters......Page 105
2.3. Creation of Micron-Rough Surface......Page 106
2.4. Creation of Nano-roughness......Page 108
2.5. Control of Chemical Composition......Page 115
3.1. Structure......Page 117
3.2. Corrosion Resistance and Adhesive Strength......Page 119
3.3.1. In vitro Studies......Page 120
3.3.2. Mechanisms of Increased Osteoblast Function......Page 123
3.3.3. In vivo Studies......Page 124
4. Future Directions......Page 128
Bibliography......Page 129
1. Fundamentals of Protein Adsorption and Surface Properties......Page 134
1.2. Polar and Apolar Properties of Proteins......Page 136
1.3. Osteoblasts......Page 138
1.4. Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanotube Composites......Page 139
1.6. Analysis of Nano-surface Roughness......Page 141
1.7. Role of Nano-surface Energy......Page 142
1.8. Detecting Protein Adsorption......Page 143
2. Protein Assisted Osteoblast Adhesion on Nanophase Materials......Page 144
2.1. Osteoblast Functions on Carbon Nanotube Composite Materials......Page 145
2.2. Fibronectin Attached AFM Tip Interactions on Carbon Nanotube Composite Surfaces......Page 147
2.3. Osteoblast Functions on Micro-patterning of Carbon Nanotubes on Bio-polymers......Page 149
Bibliography......Page 153
1. Anatomy, Physiology and Molecular Biology of the Nervous System......Page 158
2.1. Spinal Cord Injury......Page 164
2.2. Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 166
2.3. Multiple Sclerosis......Page 169
3. Current Clinical Therapies and Limitations......Page 170
3.1. Approved Treatments of SCI and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials......Page 171
3.2. Pharmacological Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials......Page 172
3.3. Pharmacological Treatments of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials......Page 174
4.1. Conventional Drug Delivery Systems and Their Limitations......Page 176
4.2. Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems......Page 177
4.3. Nano-based Matrix for Stem Cell Delivery......Page 179
4.4. Medical Imaging with Nanotechnology for Early Detection and Evaluation of Treatment......Page 181
5. Applications of Nanotechnologies in Electronic Tissue Interface Devices......Page 184
5.1. Cochlear Implant (Bionic Ear)......Page 185
5.2. Visual Prosthesis (Bionic Eye)......Page 186
5.3. Computer Brain Interface (BrainGate Technology)......Page 187
5.4. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)......Page 188
5.6. Oscillating Field Stimulator (OFS)......Page 189
6. How Can Nanotechnology Improve Performance of Electronic Tissue Interface Devices?......Page 190
7. Future Directions and Considerations......Page 193
Bibliography......Page 194
1.1. Structure and Function of the Arterial System......Page 204
1.2. Components of the Artery Wall......Page 205
1.3.1. Vascular Endothelial Cells......Page 206
1.3.3. Vascular Fibroblasts......Page 207
2. Atherosclerosis: A Cardiovascular Disease......Page 208
2.1. The Cellular Progression of Atherosclerosis......Page 209
3. Treatments for Vascular Disease......Page 210
3.1. Balloon Angioplasty......Page 211
3.2. Vascular Stents......Page 212
3.2.1. The Use of Nano-structured Biomaterials in Vascular Stent Applications......Page 213
3.2.2. Problems with Current Stent Designs......Page 215
3.2.3. Stent Wear Debris......Page 216
Bibliography......Page 219
1. Introduction......Page 224
2.1. Cytotoxicity......Page 225
2.3. Acute Systemic Toxicity......Page 226
2.5. Implantation......Page 227
2.8. Carcinogenicity......Page 228
2.11. Immune Responses......Page 229
3.1. Respiratory Tract......Page 230
3.1.2. Translocation across Epithelial and Endothelial Cell Layers......Page 231
3.1.3. Neural Uptake and Translocation......Page 232
3.3. Injection Route......Page 233
4.1. Pulmonary Effects of Nanoparticles......Page 234
4.1.1. Pulmonary Inflammation......Page 235
4.1.2. Pulmonary Carcinogenicity......Page 236
4.2. Systemic Effects of Nanoparticles......Page 237
4.3. Differences in Toxicity between Nanoparticles of Different Materials......Page 238
5. Conclusions......Page 239
Bibliography......Page 240
1. Hopes and Concerns about Nanotechnology......Page 244
2. Possible Adverse Health, Environment, and Safety Impacts......Page 247
3. How to Evaluate the Toxicity of Nanoparticles?......Page 249
4. Conclusions......Page 254
Bibliography......Page 255
Index......Page 258
